Ultraluminous X-Ray Sources

Abstract

We review observations of ultraluminous X-ray sources (ULXs). X-ray spectroscopic and timing studies of ULXs suggest a new accretion state distinct from those seen in Galactic stellar-mass black hole binaries. The detection of coherent pulsations indicates the presence of neutron-star accretors in three ULXs and therefore apparently super-Eddington luminosities. Optical and X-ray line profiles of ULXs and the properties of associated radio and optical nebulae suggest that ULXs produce powerful outflows, also indicative of super-Eddington accretion. We discuss models of super-Eddington accretion and their relation to the observed behaviors of ULXs. We review the evidence for intermediate mass black holes in ULXs. We consider the implications of ULXs for super-Eddington accretion in active galactic nuclei, heating of the early universe, and the origin of the black hole binary recently detected via gravitational waves.

38 pages, to appear in Annual Reviews of Astronomy and Astrophysics

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• Search for intermediate mass black hole binaries in the third observing run of Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo
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• Advances in Understanding High-Mass X-ray Binaries with INTEGRAL and Future Directions
• Search for intermediate mass black hole binaries in the first and second observing runs of the Advanced LIGO and Virgo network
• High-mass X-ray binaries in nearby metal-poor galaxies: on the contribution to nebular HeII emission
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• A new, clean catalogue of extragalactic non-nuclear X-ray sources in nearby galaxies
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• Study of Recent outburst in the Be/X-ray binary RX J0209.6-7427 with AstroSat: A new ultraluminous X-ray pulsar in the Magellanic Bridge?
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• The 2019 super-Eddington outburst of RX J0209.6-7427: Detection of pulsations and constraints on the magnetic field strength
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• Extragalactic fast X-ray transient candidates discovered by Chandra (2000-2014)
• The origin of pulsating ultra-luminous X-ray sources: Low- and intermediate-mass X-ray binaries containing neutron star accretors
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• Monthly quasi-periodic eruptions from repeated stellar disruption by a massive black hole
• NuSTAR reveals the hidden nature of SS433
• The Unusual Broadband X-ray Spectral Variability of NGC 1313 X-1 seen with XMM$-$Newton, Chandra and NuSTAR
• Cygnus X-3 revealed as a Galactic ultraluminous X-ray source by IXPE
• Searching for propeller-phase ULXs in the XMM-Newton Serendipitous Source Catalogue
• Lense-Thirring precession in ULXs as a possible means to constrain the neutron star equation-of-state
• Ultra-High-Energy Gamma-Ray Bubble around Microquasar V4641 Sgr
• XMM-Newton Campaign On Ultraluminous X-ray Source NGC 1313 X-1: Wind vs. State Variability
• A Catalog of Hyper-luminous X-ray Sources and Intermediate-Mass Black Hole Candidates out to High Redshifts
• Systematic two-dimensional radiation hydrodynamic simulations of super-Eddington accretion flow and outflow: Comparison with the slim disk model
• Super-Eddington accretion onto the Galactic ultraluminous X-ray pulsar Swift J0243.6+6124
• Population Synthesis of Black Hole X-Ray Binaries
• Ionised Emission and Absorption in a Large Sample of Ultraluminous X-ray Sources
• On rapid binary mass transfer -- I. Physical model
• NGC 300 ULX1: A test case for accretion torque theory
• Can nebular HeII emission be explained by ultra-luminous X-ray sources?
• A Uniformly Selected Sample of Low-Mass Black Holes in Seyfert 1 Galaxies. II. The SDSS DR7 Sample
• All at once: transient pulsations, spin down and a glitch from the Pulsating Ultraluminous X-ray Source M82 X-2
• The observed vs total population of ULXs
• Thermal stability of winds driven by radiation pressure in super-Eddington accretion disks
• An evolving broad iron line from the first Galactic ultraluminous X-ray pulsar Swift J0243.6+6124
• Swift Observations of the bright uncatalogued X-ray transient MAXI J1535-571
• Nuclear timescale mass transfer in models of supergiant and ultra-luminous X-ray binaries
• The Lunar Gravitational-wave Antenna: Mission Studies and Science Case
• Anti-glitches in the Ultraluminous Accreting Pulsar NGC 300 ULX-1 Observed with NICER
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• The extended radio jet of an off-nuclear low-mass AGN in NGC 5252
• Evidence for precession due to supercritical accretion in ultraluminous X-ray sources
• Radio activity of supermassive black holes with extremely high accretion rates
• Intermediate Mass-Ratio Inspirals with Dark Matter Minispikes
• Modeling the kinematics of the decelerating jets from the black hole X-ray binary MAXI J1348$-$630
• An accreting stellar binary model for active periodic fast radio bursts
• The Hunt for Pulsating Ultraluminous X-ray Sources
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• Chandra reveals a possible ultra-fast outflow in the super-Eddington Be/X-ray binary Swift J0243.6+6124
• Observational properties of puffy disks: radiative GRMHD spectra of mildly sub-Eddington accretion
• The AGN Fraction in Dwarf Galaxies from eROSITA: First Results and Future Prospects
• The FORCE mission : Science aim and instrument parameter for broadband X-ray imaging spectroscopy with good angular resolution
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• The INTEGRAL view on Black Hole X-ray Binaries
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• X-Ray Spectral Variability of Ultraluminous X-Ray Sources in Extragalactic Globular Clusters
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• Evidence for Optically Thick, Eddington-limited Winds Driven by Supercritical Accretion
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• Quasi-periodic dipping in the ultraluminous X-ray source, NGC 247 ULX-1
• Formation and Evolution of Ultraluminous X-ray Pulsar Binaries to Pulsar-Neutron Star and Pulsar-White Dwarf Systems
• Gravitational-wave captures by intermediate-mass black holes in galactic nuclei
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• Chandra probes the X-ray variability of M51 ULX-7: evidence of propeller transition and X-ray dips on orbital periods
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• LeMMINGs IV: The X-ray properties of a statistically-complete sample of the nuclei in active and inactive galaxies from the Palomar sample
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• Jet-ISM Interactions near the Microquasars GRS 1758-258 and 1E 1740.7-2942
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• The High Mass X-ray Binaries in star-forming galaxies
• The innermost jet in the hidden ultra-luminous X-ray source Cygnus X-3
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• X-raying the Birth of Binary Neutron Stars and Neutron Star-Black Hole Binaries
• Digging a little deeper: characterising three new extreme ULX candidates
• Characteristics and evolution of Be-type high mass X-ray binaries as potential Ultraluminous X-ray Sources
• jaxspec : a fast and robust Python library for X-ray spectral fitting
• X-ray reverberation models of the disc wind in ultraluminous X-ray source NGC 5408 X-1
• The hunt for new pulsating ultraluminous X-ray sources: a clustering approach
• The restless population of bright X-ray sources of NCG 3621
• Simultaneous X-ray/UV observations of ultraluminous X-ray source Holmberg II X-1 with Indian space mission AstroSat
• The variability behavior of NGC 925 ULX-3
• Rapid turn-on of a luminous X-ray source in the candidate Lyman continuum emitting galaxy Tol 0440-381
• Spectral analysis of ultraluminous X-ray pulsars with models of X-ray pulsars
• A Long-term Study of Ultraluminous X-ray Sources in NGC 891
• NGC 2403 XMM4: evidence for a super-Eddington neutron star with a possible transient pulsation
• A NuSTAR study of quasi-periodic oscillations from the ultraluminous X-ray sources in M82
• Long-Term X-Ray/UV Variability in ULXs
• Ultraluminous X-ray sources in Globular Clusters
• Probing the heating of the neutral atomic interstellar medium in the Dwarf Galaxy Survey through infrared cooling lines
• Tilted Accretion Disks
• Constraining soft and hard X-ray irradiation in ultraluminous X-ray sources
• The population of hyperluminous X-ray sources as seen by XMM-Newton
• Pulsating ultraluminous X-ray sources: modeling the thermal emission and polarization properties
• Searching for supermassive black holes binaries within SRG/eROSITA-De I: Properties of the X-ray selected candidates
• Modeling reflection spectra of super-Eddington X-ray sources
• Study on the magnetic field of the ultraluminous X-ray pulsar RX J0209.6-7427
• Searching for single-frame rapid X-ray transients detected with Chandra
• Recurrent outbursts revealed in 3XMM J031820.8-663034
• On the Mass and Magnetic Field of the Neutron Star in the Ultraluminous X-Ray Source NGC 300 ULX1
• A Study of Spectral Variability between flaring and non-flaring state in M74 X-1
• Monte-Carlo simulations on possible collimation effects of outflows to fan-beamed emission of ultraluminous accreting X-ray pulsars
• Optical Counterparts of Two Candidate Ultraluminous X-ray Sources in NGC 4536
• Comprehensive X-ray and Multiwavelength Study of ULXs in NGC 1566
• A Fundamental Plane in X-ray Binary Activity of External Galaxies
• Constraints on the collimated X-ray emission of SS 433 from the reflection on molecular clouds
• Prospects for joint multiband detection of intermediate-mass black holes by LGWA and the Einstein Telescope
• On the Spin Period of the Neutron Star in the Ultraluminous X-Ray Source M51 ULX-8
• Synchrotron cutoff in Ultraluminous X-ray sources
• Identification of three new ultraluminous X-ray sources in NGC 4631 and NGC 1097: Evidence for stellar-mass black holes
• Massive star clusters and clumps in the collisional ring galaxy Arp 147
• Spectral study of X-ray sources in some galaxies recently observed by Chandra
• Exploring the nature of an ultraluminous X-ray source in NGC 628
• The First Glimpse of ULXs Through the Near-Infrared Images Captured by the James Webb Space Telescope
• Spectral variability in NGC 1042 ULX1
• The Collimated Radiation in SS 433. Constraints from Spatially Resolved Optical Jets and $\text{Cloudy}$ Modeling of the Optical Bullets
• Time Domain Astronomy with the THESEUS Satellite
• Ultraluminous X-ray sources in the first eROSITA survey I. Candidate catalogs
• Capability for detection of GW190521-like binary black holes with TianQin
• Radio Nebulæ from Hyper-Accreting X-ray Binaries as Common Envelope Precursors and Persistent Counterparts of Fast Radio Bursts
• Merger rates of intermediate-mass black hole binaries in nuclear star clusters
• Ultraluminous X-ray sources in the group-centric elliptical galaxy NGC 5813
• Spectral and Temporal Properties of Ultra-luminous X-ray Source NGC 55 ULX1
• A Synthetic Population of Ultra-Luminous X-ray Sources: Optical-X-ray Correlation
• An expanded ultraluminous X-ray source catalogue
• Probing spectral variability in NGC 4490 ULX-8 over 24 years of XMM-Newton, Chandra and Swift-XRT observations
• Einstein-Yang-Mills Regular Black Holes in Rainbow Gravity
• A Multi-Mission Catalogue of Ultraluminous X-ray Source Candidates
• Exploring the magnetic field of the ultraluminous X-ray pulsar NGC 4631 X-8
• Shape and ionization of equatorial matter near compact objects from X-ray polarization reflection signatures
• Probing heartbeat oscillations from the black hole X-ray binary GRS 1915+105 using spectral-timing analysis
• Hard X-ray emission from the eastern jet of SS 433 powering the W50 `Manatee' nebula: Evidence for particle re-acceleration
• Possible optical counterparts of ULXs in NGC 1672
• A comparative study of occurrence rates and nature of Ultraluminous X-ray sources in spiral and elliptical galaxies