Science objectives of the Einstein Probe mission

Abstract

The Einstein Probe (EP) is an interdisciplinary mission of time-domain and X-ray astronomy. Equipped with a wide-field lobster-eye X-ray focusing imager, EP will discover cosmic X-ray transients and monitor the X-ray variability of known sources in 0.5-4 keV, at a combination of detecting sensitivity and cadence that is not accessible to the previous and current wide-field monitoring missions. EP can perform quick characterisation of transients or outbursts with a Wolter-I X-ray telescope onboard. In this paper, the science objectives of the Einstein Probe mission are presented. EP is expected to enlarge the sample of previously known or predicted but rare types of transients with a wide range of timescales. Among them, fast extragalactic transients will be surveyed systematically in soft X-rays, which include γ-ray bursts and their variants, supernova shock breakouts, and the predicted X-ray transients associated with binary neutron star mergers. EP will detect X-ray tidal disruption events and outbursts from active galactic nuclei, possibly at an early phase of the flares for some. EP will monitor the variability and outbursts of X-rays from white dwarfs, neutron stars and black holes in our and neighbouring galaxies at flux levels fainter than those detectable by the current instruments, and is expected to discover new objects. A large sample of stellar X-ray flares will also be detected and characterised. In the era of multi-messenger astronomy, EP has the potential of detecting the possible X-ray counterparts of gravitational wave events, neutrino sources, and ultra-high energy γ-ray and cosmic ray sources. EP is expected to help advance the studies of extreme objects/phenomena and their underlying physical processes revealed in the dynamic X-ray universe, as well as studies in other areas of X-ray astronomy.

67 pages, 24 figures, accepted for publication in SCIENCE CHINA Physics, Mechanics & Astronomy

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• Superluminous X-rays from a superluminous supernova
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• Results from a systematic survey of X-ray emission from Hydrogen-poor Superluminous Supernovae
• XMM-Newton observations of the binary cluster system Abell 399/401
• A Very Bright, Very Hot, and Very Long Flaring Event from the M Dwarf Binary System DG CVn
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• IC 3599 did it again: A second outburst of the X-ray transient Seyfert 1.9 Galaxy
• Probing the tidal disruption flares of massive black holes with high-energy neutrinos
• Radio and X-ray observations of the luminous Fast Blue Optical Transient AT2020xnd
• High-energy cosmic ray nuclei from tidal disruption events: Origin, survival, and implications
• XMM-Newton X-ray and UV observations of the fast nova V2491 Cyg during the supersoft source phase
• The Challenges Ahead for Multimessenger Analyses of Gravitational Waves and Kilonova: a Case Study on GW190425
• Electron-Positron Pair Cascades and Precursors in Gamma-Ray Bursts
• Black-Hole Spin Dependence in the Light Curves of Tidal Disruption Events
• The 450 days X-ray monitoring of the changing-look AGN 1ES 1927+654
• Precursors and electron-positron pair loading from erupting fireballs
• Neutron star - white dwarf mergers: Early evolution, physical properties, and outcomes
• Modified models of radiation pressure instability in application to 10, 10${}^5$, and 10${}^7$ $M_{\odot }$ accreting black holes
• How to switch on and off a Gamma-ray burst through a magnetar
• A real-time transient detector and the Living Swift-XRT Point Source catalogue
• Slow blue nuclear hypervariables in PanSTARRS-1
• Ultraluminous X-ray bursts in two ultracompact companions to nearby elliptical galaxies
• X-ray properties of TDEs
• The eROSITA Final Equatorial-Depth Survey (eFEDS): Galaxy Clusters and Groups in Disguise
• The Tidal Disruption Event AT2021ehb: Evidence of Relativistic Disk Reflection, and Rapid Evolution of the Disk-Corona System
• Time resolved spectral behavior of bright BATSE precursors
• X-ray irradiation and evaporation of the four young planets around V1298 Tau
• Pre-merger electromagnetic counterparts of binary compact stars
• Extragalactic fast X-ray transient candidates discovered by Chandra (2000-2014)
• Rapidly Evolving and Luminous Transients Driven by Newly Born Neutron Stars
• Full Spectral Survey of Active Galactic Nuclei in the Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer Archive
• NGC 300 ULX1: spin evolution, super-Eddington accretion and outflows
• Monthly quasi-periodic eruptions from repeated stellar disruption by a massive black hole
• M51 ULX-7: super-orbital periodicity and constraints on the neutron star magnetic field
• Vela pulsar wind nebula x-rays are polarized to near the synchrotron limit
• Tracing the Gas to the Virial Radius (R100) in a Fossil Group
• Large X-ray Flares on Stars Detected with MAXI/GSC: A Universal Correlation between the Duration of a Flare and its X-ray Luminosity
• What constraints on the neutron star maximum mass can one pose from GW170817 observations?
• A Monster CME Obscuring A Demon Star Flare
• Probing the Outskirts of the Early Stage Galaxy Cluster Merger A1750
• X-ray Emission from SN 2012ca: A Type Ia-CSM Supernova Explosion in a Dense Surrounding Medium
• Blasts from the Past: Supernova Shock Breakouts among X-Ray Transients in the XMM-Newton Archive
• The 100-month Swift catalogue of supergiant fast X-ray transients I. BAT on-board and transient monitor flares
• Propagation of a Short GRB Jet in the Ejecta: Jet Launching Delay Time, Jet Structure, and GW170817/GRB 170817A
• Evidence for a Compact Object in the Aftermath of the Extra-Galactic Transient AT2018cow
• First wide field-of-view X-ray observations by a lobster eye focusing telescope in orbit
• Sun-as-a-star spectroscopic observations of the line-of-sight velocity of a solar eruption on October 28, 2021
• Shocked jets in CCSNe can power the zoo of fast blue optical transients
• X-ray detection of a nova in the fireball phase
• A Population of Ultraluminous X-ray Sources with An Accreting Neutron Star
• An XMM-Newton view of the extended "filament" near the cluster of galaxies Abell 85
• Optical precursors to X-ray binary outbursts
• Exploring the local black hole mass function below $10^6$ solar masses
• Signature of a New-Born Black Hole from the Collapse of a Supra-massive Millisecond Magnetar
• The Reflares and Outburst Evolution in the Accreting Millisecond Pulsar SAX J1808.4-3658: a Disk Truncated Near Co-rotation?
• Rapidly evolving faint transients from stripped-envelope electron-capture supernovae
• A ~60-day super-orbital period originating from the ultraluminous X-ray pulsar in M82
• Accessing the population of high redshift Gamma Ray Bursts
• Nature of the soft ULX in NGC 247: super-Eddington outflow and transition between the supersoft and soft ultraluminous regimes
• Chandra and XMM-Newton Observations of the Abell 3391/Abell 3395 Intercluster Filament
• The Great Markarian 421 Flare of February 2010: Multiwavelength variability and correlation studies
• The Physics of Accretion Discs, Winds And Jets in Tidal Disruption Events
• Detection of Flare-induced Plasma Flows in the Corona of EV Lac with X-ray Spectroscopy
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