Blasts from the Past: Supernova Shock Breakouts among X-Ray Transients in the XMM-Newton Archive

Abstract

The first electromagnetic signal from a supernova (SN) is released when the shock crosses the progenitor surface. This shock breakout (SBO) emission provides constraints on progenitor and explosion properties. Observationally, SBOs appear as minute to hour-long extragalactic X-ray transients. They are challenging to detect and only one SBO has been observed to date. Here, we search the XMM-Newton archive and find twelve new SN SBO candidates. We identify host galaxies to nine of these at estimated redshifts of 0.1-1. The SBO candidates have energies of $\sim 10^{46}$ erg, timescales of 30-3000 s, and temperatures of 0.1-1 keV. They are all consistent with being SN SBOs, but some may be misidentified Galactic foreground sources or other extragalactic objects. SBOs from blue supergiants agree well with most of the candidates. However, a few could be SBOs from Wolf-Rayet stars surrounded by dense circumstellar media, whereas two are more naturally explained as SBOs from red supergiants. The observations tentatively support non-spherical SBOs and are in agreement with asymmetries predicted by recent three-dimensional SN explosion simulations. eROSITA may detect $\sim$2 SBOs per year, which could be detected in live analyses and promptly followed up.

arXiv comment31 pages, 1 figure, 7 tables, 12 SN SBO candidates. Accepted for publication in ApJ. Updated to match the accepted version. We have made minor clarifications and added a comment on the recent preprint by Novara et al. (2020; arXiv:2004.10665), which reports an independent discovery and analysis of one of the SBO candidates. Their and our results and interpretations agree very well with each other

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