Discovery of Three Candidate Magnetar-powered Fast X-ray Transients from Chandra Archival Data

Abstract

It was proposed that a remnant stable magnetar could be formed in a binary neutron-star merger, leading to a fast X-ray transient (FXT) that can last for thousands of seconds. Recently, Xue et al. suggested that CDF-S XT2 was exactly such a kind of source. If confirmed, such emission can be used to search for electromagnetic counterparts to gravitational wave events from binary neutron-star mergers that have short gamma-ray bursts and the corresponding afterglows seen off-axis and thus too weak to be detected. Here we report the discovery of three new FXTs, XRT 170901, XRT 030511, and XRT 110919, from preliminary search over Chandra archival data. Similar to CDF-S XT2, these new FXTs had a very fast rise (less than a few ten seconds) and a plateau of X-ray flux $\sim$$1.0\times 10^{-12}$ erg s${}^{-1}$ cm${}^{-2}$ lasting for 1-2 ks, followed by a steep decay. Their optical/IR counterparts, if present, are very weak, arguing against a stellar flare origin for these FXTs. For XRT 170901, we identified a faint host galaxy with the source at the outskirts, very similar to CDF-S XT2. Therefore, our newly discovered FXTs are also strong candidates for magnetar-powered X-ray transients resulting from binary neutron star mergers.

13 pages, 9 figures, submitted version after addressing the referee's comments

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• Science objectives of the Einstein Probe mission
• The Fast X-ray Transient XRT 210423 and its Host Galaxy
• Redshifts of candidate host galaxies of four fast X-ray transients using VLT/MUSE
• The STATiX pipeline for the detection of X-ray transients in three dimensions
• Unveiling the nature of the Einstein Probe transient EP 241021a
• Identifying Host Galaxies of Binary Black Hole Mergers with Next-Generation Gravitational Wave Detector Networks