Black hole masses of tidal disruption event host galaxies

Abstract

The mass of the central black hole in a galaxy that hosted a tidal disruption event (TDE) is an important parameter in understanding its energetics and dynamics. We present the first homogeneously measured black hole masses of a complete sample of 12 optically/UV selected TDE host galaxies (down to $g_{host}$$\le$22 mag and $z$=0.37) in the Northern sky. The mass estimates are based on velocity dispersion measurements, performed on late time optical spectroscopic observations. We find black hole masses in the range 3$\times$10${}^5$ M${}_{\odot }$$\le$M${}_{\mathrm{BH}}$$\le$2$\times$10${}^7$ M${}_{\odot }$. The TDE host galaxy sample is dominated by low mass black holes ($\sim$10${}^6$ M${}_{\odot }$), as expected from theoretical predictions. The blackbody peak luminosity of TDEs with M${}_{\mathrm{BH}}$$\le$10${}^{7.1}$ M${}_{\odot }$ is consistent with the Eddington limit of the SMBH, whereas the two TDEs with M${}_{\mathrm{BH}}$$\ge$10${}^{7.1}$ M${}_{\odot }$ have peak luminosities below their SMBH Eddington luminosity, in line with the theoretical expectation that the fallback rate for M${}_{\mathrm{BH}}$$\ge$10${}^{7.1}$ M${}_{\odot }$ is sub-Eddington. In addition, our observations suggest that TDEs around lower mass black holes evolve faster. These findings corroborate the standard TDE picture in 10${}^6$ M${}_{\odot }$ black holes. Our results imply an increased tension between observational and theoretical TDE rates. By comparing the blackbody emission radius with theoretical predictions, we conclude that the optical/UV emission is produced in a region consistent with the stream self-intersection radius of shallow encounters, ruling out a compact accretion disk as the direct origin of the blackbody radiation at peak brightness.

16 pages, 9 figures. Submitted to MNRAS; including minor revisions suggested by the referee

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