An accreting pulsar with extreme properties drives an ultraluminous x-ray source in NGC 5907

Abstract

Ultraluminous x-ray sources (ULXs) in nearby galaxies shine brighter than any X-ray source in our Galaxy. ULXs are usually modeled as stellar-mass black holes (BHs) accreting at very high rates or intermediate-mass BHs. We present observations showing that NGC5907 ULX is instead an x-ray accreting neutron star (NS) with a spin period evolving from 1.43~s in 2003 to 1.13~s in 2014. It has an isotropic peak luminosity of about 1000 times the Eddington limit for a NS at 17.1~Mpc. Standard accretion models fail to explain its luminosity, even assuming beamed emission, but a strong multipolar magnetic field can describe its properties. These findings suggest that other extreme ULXs (x-ray luminosity > 10^{41} erg/s) might harbor NSs.

arXiv comment37 pages including Supplementary Material; 7 figures

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• Energy flow and radiation efficiency in radiative GRMHD simulations of neutron star ultraluminous X-ray sources
• A citizen science exploration of the X-ray transient sky using the EXTraS science gateway
• XMM-Newton multi-year campaign on NGC 55 ULX-1: Resolving the wind and its variability with RGS
• XMM-Newton
• PSR J1227$-$6208 and its massive white dwarf companion: pulsar emission analysis, timing update and mass measurements
• Exploring the nature of an ultraluminous X-ray source in NGC 628
• Identification of three new ultraluminous X-ray sources in NGC 4631 and NGC 1097: Evidence for stellar-mass black holes
• Spectral variability in NGC 1042 ULX1
• On the Spin Period of the Neutron Star in the Ultraluminous X-Ray Source M51 ULX-8
• New outburst from the luminous supersoft source SSS1 in NGC 300 with periodic modulation
• Radiative GRMHD simulations of accretion disks
• Synchrotron cutoff in Ultraluminous X-ray sources
• The First Glimpse of ULXs Through the Near-Infrared Images Captured by the James Webb Space Telescope
• Estimating the black hole mass of NGC1313 X-1 based on the spectral and timing properties
• Monte-Carlo simulations on possible collimation effects of outflows to fan-beamed emission of ultraluminous accreting X-ray pulsars
• A Study of Spectral Variability between flaring and non-flaring state in M74 X-1
• Probing extreme black-hole outflows on short timescales via high spectral-resolution X-ray imagers
• Time Domain Astronomy with the THESEUS Satellite
• Ultraluminous X-ray sources in the group-centric elliptical galaxy NGC 5813
• Spectral and Temporal Properties of Ultra-luminous X-ray Source NGC 55 ULX1
• The Bright X-Ray Source in NGC 3413
• Probing spectral variability in NGC 4490 ULX-8 over 24 years of XMM-Newton, Chandra and Swift-XRT observations
• The maximum dipole moments of neutron stars implied by the Barrow-Gibbons conjecture
• Automatic detection of tidal disruption events and other long duration transients in XMM-Newton data
• Ultra-luminous X-ray sources as neutron stars propelling and accreting at super-critical rates in high-mass X-ray binaries
• Possible optical counterparts of ULXs in NGC 1672
• Studying magnetic fields of ultraluminous X-ray pulsars using different accretion torques
• An expanded ultraluminous X-ray source catalogue
• A Multi-Mission Catalogue of Ultraluminous X-ray Source Candidates
• Exploring the magnetic field of the ultraluminous X-ray pulsar NGC 4631 X-8
• Ultraluminous X-ray sources in the first eROSITA survey I. Candidate catalogs