High Energy Gamma Rays from Nebulae Associated with Extragalactic Microquasars and Ultra-Luminous X-ray Sources

Abstract

In the extragalactic sky, microquasars and ultra-luminous X-ray sources (ULXs) are known as energetic compact objects locating at off-nucleus positions in galaxies. Some of these objects are associated with expanding bubbles with a velocity of 80-250 $\mathrm{km}{\mathrm{s}}^{-1}$. We investigate the shock acceleration of particles in those expanding nebulae. The nebulae having fast expansion velocity $\gtrsim 120\mathrm{km}{\mathrm{s}}^{-1}$ are able to accelerate cosmic rays up to $\sim 100$ TeV. If 10% of the shock kinetic energy goes into particle acceleration, powerful nebulae such as the microquasar S26 in NGC 7793 would emit gamma rays up to several tens TeV with a photon index of $\sim 2$. These nebulae will be good targets for future Cherenkov Telescope Array observations given its sensitivity and angular resolution. They would also contribute to $\sim 7$% of the unresolved cosmic gamma-ray background radiation at $\ge 0.1\mathrm{GeV}$. In contrast, particle acceleration in slowly expanding nebulae $\lesssim 120\mathrm{km}{\mathrm{s}}^{-1}$ would be less efficient due to ion-neutral collisions and result in softer spectra at $\gtrsim 10$ GeV.

arXiv comment7 pages, 2 figures, Accepted for publication in Astroparticle Physics

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