Observational evidence for intermediate-mass black holes

Abstract

Intermediate-mass black holes (IMBHs), with masses in the range $100-10^6$ M${}_{\odot }$, are the link between stellar-mass BHs and supermassive BHs (SMBHs). They are thought to be the seeds from which SMBHs grow, which would explain the existence of quasars with BH masses of up to 10${}^{10}$ M${}_{\odot }$ when the Universe was only 0.8 Gyr old. The detection and study of IMBHs has thus strong implications for understanding how SMBHs form and grow, which is ultimately linked to galaxy formation and growth, as well as for studies of the universality of BH accretion or the epoch of reionisation. Proving the existence of seed BHs in the early Universe is not yet feasible with the current instrumentation; however, those seeds that did not grow into SMBHs can be found as IMBHs in the nearby Universe. In this review I summarize the different scenarios proposed for the formation of IMBHs and gather all the observational evidence for the few hundreds of nearby IMBH candidates found in dwarf galaxies, globular clusters, and ultraluminous X-ray sources, as well as the possible discovery of a few seed BHs at high redshift. I discuss some of their properties, such as X-ray weakness and location in the BH mass scaling relations, and the possibility to discover IMBHs through high velocity clouds, tidal disruption events, gravitational waves, or accretion disks in active galactic nuclei. I finalize with the prospects for the detection of IMBHs with up-coming observatories.

arXiv commentInvited review in press in International Journal of Modern Physics D. 45 pages, 13 figures

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• NGC5252: a pair of radio-emitting active galactic nuclei?
• Probing the Active Massive Black Hole Candidate in the Center of NGC 404 with VLBI
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• A Deep Chandra View of the NGC 404 Central Engine
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• On minor black holes in galactic nuclei
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Cited by in corpus (198)

• GW190521: A Binary Black Hole Merger with a Total Mass of $150M_{\odot }$
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• Nuclear Star Clusters
• AEDGE: Atomic Experiment for Dark Matter and Gravity Exploration in Space
• AION: An Atom Interferometer Observatory and Network
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• The Automatic Learning for the Rapid Classification of Events (ALeRCE) Alert Broker
• Intermediate-mass black holes in dwarf galaxies out to redshift $\sim$ 2.4 in the Chandra COSMOS Legacy Survey
• Titans of the Early Universe: The Prato Statement on the Origin of the First Supermassive Black Holes
• A Multi-Mass Velocity Dispersion Model of 47 Tucanae Indicates No Evidence for an Intermediate Mass Black Hole
• A Population of Bona Fide Intermediate Mass Black Holes Identified as Low Luminosity Active Galactic Nuclei
• The Missing Link in Gravitational-Wave Astronomy: Discoveries waiting in the decihertz range
• The infrared-radio correlation of star-forming galaxies is strongly M${}_{\star }$-dependent but nearly redshift-invariant since z$\sim$4
• ELGAR -- a European Laboratory for Gravitation and Atom-interferometric Research
• Very high redshift quasars and the rapid emergence of super-massive black holes
• Gravitational Waves and Intermediate-mass Black Hole Retention in Globular Clusters
• Black Hole Mass Scaling Relations for Early-Type Galaxies: $M_{BH}$-$M_{\ast ,sph}$ and $M_{BH}$-$M_{\ast ,gal}$
• Hidden AGN in dwarf galaxies revealed by MaNGA: light echoes, off-nuclear wanderers, and a new broad-line AGN
• Intermediate Mass Black Hole Formation in compact Young Massive Star Clusters
• Discovering intermediate-mass black hole lenses through gravitational wave lensing
• Black Hole Mass Scaling Relations for Spiral Galaxies. I. $M_{\mathrm{BH}}$-$M_{\ast ,\mathrm{sph}}$
• The Science of the Einstein Telescope
• Parameter estimation with gravitational waves
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• Search for intermediate mass black hole binaries in the third observing run of Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo
• Radio jets from AGN in dwarf galaxies in the COSMOS survey: mechanical feedback out to redshift $\sim$3.4
• Astrophysics and cosmology with a decihertz gravitational-wave detector: TianGO
• A Remarkably Loud Quasi-Periodicity after a Star is Disrupted by a Massive Black Hole
• Intermediate mass black holes from stellar mergers in young star clusters
• Detecting Intermediate-Mass Ratio Inspirals From The Ground And Space
• Search for intermediate mass black hole binaries in the first and second observing runs of the Advanced LIGO and Virgo network
• AGN in dwarf galaxies: frequency, triggering processes and the plausibility of AGN feedback
• Populations of stellar mass Black holes from binary systems
• X-MRIs: Extremely Large Mass-Ratio Inspirals
• Exploring the limits of AGN feedback: black holes and the star formation histories of low-mass galaxies
• The Habitable Exoplanet Observatory (HabEx) Mission Concept Study Interim Report
• Binary radial velocity measurements with space-based gravitational-wave detectors
• The Origins of Off-Centre Massive Black Holes in Dwarf Galaxies
• Long-term X-ray spectral evolution of Ultraluminous X-ray sources: implications on the accretion flow geometry and the nature of the accretor
• MaNGA AGN dwarf galaxies (MAD) -- I. A new sample of AGN in dwarf galaxies with spatially resolved spectroscopy
• Gravitational-wave detection and parameter estimation for accreting black-hole binaries and their electromagnetic counterpart
• Circularization vs. Eccentrification in Intermediate Mass Ratio Inspirals inside Dark Matter Spikes
• Overmassive black holes in dwarf galaxies out to z$\sim$0.9 in the VIPERS survey
• The Hunt for Intermediate Mass Black Holes in the JWST Era
• Surrogate model for gravitational wave signals from non-spinning, comparable- to large-mass-ratio black hole binaries built on black hole perturbation theory waveforms calibrated to numerical relativity
• Merging stellar and intermediate-mass black holes in dense clusters: implications for LIGO, LISA and the next generation of gravitational wave detectors
• Massive and supermassive black holes in the contemporary and early universe and the new problems of cosmology and astrophysics
• Detection of astrophysical gravitational wave sources by TianQin and LISA
• The most massive black holes on the Fundamental Plane of Black Hole Accretion
• A Catalog of Hyper-luminous X-ray Sources and Intermediate-Mass Black Hole Candidates out to High Redshifts
• Indication of Another Intermediate-mass Black Hole in the Galactic Center
• Multi-flavour SMBH seeding and evolution in cosmological environments
• Glimmering in the dark: modeling the low-mass end of the $M_{\bullet }-\sigma$ relation and of the quasar luminosity function
• Simulations predict intermediate-mass black hole formation in globular clusters
• Dynamical Evolution and Merger Time-scales of LISA Massive Black Hole Binaries in Disk Galaxy Mergers
• Measuring the spins of heavy binary black holes
• The MOSDEF Survey: The Metallicity Dependence of X-ray Binary Populations at $z\sim 2$
• The Lunar Gravitational-wave Antenna: Mission Studies and Science Case
• Detecting Kozai-Lidov imprints on the gravitational waves of intermediate-mass black holes in galactic nuclei
• Formation of super-massive black holes in galactic nuclei I: delivering seed intermediate-mass black holes in massive stellar clusters
• Comparing Accretion Disks and Dark Matter Spikes in Intermediate Mass Ratio Inspirals
• The extended radio jet of an off-nuclear low-mass AGN in NGC 5252
• Overmassive black holes at cosmic noon: linking the local and the high-redshift Universe
• A Multi-wavelength Study of the Turbulent Central Engine of the Low-mass AGN hosted by NGC404
• Revolutionizing Our Understanding of AGN Feedback and its Importance to Galaxy Evolution in the Era of the Next Generation Very Large Array
• Population Estimates for Electromagnetically-Distinguishable Supermassive Binary Black Holes
• NuRIA: Numerical Relativity Injection Analysis of spinning binary black hole signals in Advanced LIGO data
• BASS XXIX: The near-infrared view of the BLR: the effects of obscuration in BLR characterisation
• Dwarf galaxies might not be the birth sites of supermassive black holes
• Introducing the Search for Intermediate-mass Black-hole In Nearby Galaxy (SIBLING) Survey
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• A Consistent Set of Empirical Scaling Relations for Spiral Galaxies: The $(v_{\max },M_{\mathrm{DM}})$-$({\sigma }_0,M_{\mathrm{BH}},\varphi )$ Relations
• Where intermediate-mass black holes could hide in the Galactic Centre: A full parameter study with the S2 orbit
• The lifetime of binary black holes in Sérsic galaxy models
• Population statistics of intermediate mass black holes in dwarf galaxies using the NewHorizon simulation
• On Monolithic Supermassive Stars
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• Observing an intermediate mass black hole GW190521 with minimal assumptions
• The Active Fraction of Massive Black Holes in Dwarf Galaxies
• Massive black hole assembly in nuclear star clusters
• Expected intermediate mass black holes in the Virgo cluster. II. Late-type galaxies
• Spatial dispersion of light rays propagating through a plasma in Kerr spacetime
• The Fifth Candidate for an Intermediate-mass Black Hole in the Galactic Center
• Discovery of a recurrent spectral evolutionary cycle in the ultra-luminous X-ray sources Holmberg II X-1 and NGC 5204 X-1
• A Chandra and HST View of WISE-Selected AGN Candidates in Dwarf Galaxies
• Up and Down the Black Hole Radio/X-ray Correlation: the 2017 mini-outbursts from Swift J1753.5-0127
• LeMMINGs. III. The e-MERLIN Legacy Survey of the Palomar sample. Exploring the origin of nuclear radio emission in active and inactive galaxies through the [O III] -- radio connection
• The environment of AGN dwarf galaxies at z$\sim$0.7 from the VIPERS survey
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• Probes of Gravitational Waves with Atom Interferometers
• Clumpy Star Formation and AGN Activity in Dwarf-Dwarf Galaxy Merger Mrk 709
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• Tidal disruption events can power the observed AGN in dwarf galaxies
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• The X-ray and radio activity of typical and luminous Lya emitters from z~2 to z~6: evidence for a diverse, evolving population
• The eROSITA Final Equatorial-Depth Survey (eFEDS): Presenting The Demographics of X-ray Emission From Normal Galaxies
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• Difficulties in Mid-Infrared selection of AGN in dwarf galaxies
• Merging Hierarchical Triple Black Hole Systems with Intermediate-mass Black Holes in Population III Star Clusters
• Cosmological simulations of quasar fueling to sub-parsec scales using Lagrangian hyper-refinement
• Testing the Kerr nature of intermediate-mass and supermassive black hole binaries using spin-induced multipole moment measurements
• Probing Intermediate Mass Black Holes in M87 through Multi-Wavelength Gravitational Wave Observations
• Binary black hole growth by gas accretion in stellar clusters
• MOCCA-SURVEY Database II -- Properties of Intermediate Mass Black Holes escaping from star clusters
• Radio Power from a Direct-Collapse Black Hole in CR7
• A rapid channel for the collisional formation and gravitational wave driven mergers of supermassive black hole seeds at high redshift
• Intermediate mass black holes in globular clusters: effects on jerks and jounces of millisecond pulsars
• Wandering off the centre: a characterization of the random motion of intermediate-mass black holes in star clusters
• Spin and Quadrupole Couplings for High Spin Equatorial Intermediate Mass-ratio Coalescences
• Testing gravity with Extreme-Mass-Ratio Inspirals
• Generation of gravitational waves and tidal disruptions in clumpy galaxies
• X-Ray Bright Active Galactic Nuclei in Local Dwarf Galaxies: Insights from eROSITA
• Conditions for direct black hole seed collapse near a radio-loud quasar 1 Gyr after the Big Bang
• SAGE: finding IMBH in the black hole desert
• Testing the Black Hole No-hair Theorem with Galactic Center Stellar Orbits
• Survey of gravitational wave memory in intermediate mass ratio binaries
• The role of AGN jets in the reionization epoch
• An energetic high-velocity compact cloud: CO$-$0.31+0.11
• Weighing the IMBH candidate CO-0.40-0.22* in the Galactic Centre
• Demographics of Tidal Disruption Events with L-Galaxies: I. Volumetric TDE rates and the abundance of Nuclear Star Clusters
• Intermediate-mass black hole binary parameter estimation with next-generation ground-based detector networks
• Merging timescale for supermassive black hole binary in interacting galaxy NGC 6240
• Mergers of globular clusters in the Galactic disc: intermediate mass black hole coalescence and implications for gravitational waves detection
• Intermediate mass black holes' effect on compact object binaries
• On the contribution of ULXs to stellar feedback: an intermediate mass black hole candidate and the population of ULXs in the low-metallicity starburst galaxy ESO 338-4
• Running Late: Testing Delayed Supermassive Black Hole Growth Models Against the Quasar Luminosity Function
• The ALPINE-CRISTAL-JWST Survey: Revealing Less Massive Black Holes in High-Redshift Galaxies
• Stellar Properties of the Host Galaxy of an Ultraluminous X-ray Source in NGC 5252
• Gravitational lensing of gravitational waves: prospects for probing intermediate-mass black holes in galaxy lenses with global minima image
• Dark Energy Survey Identification of A Low-Mass Active Galactic Nucleus at Redshift 0.823 from Optical Variability
• Intermediate-Mass Black Holes in Green Pea Galaxies (IMBH-GP) I: a Candidate Sample from LAMOST and SDSS
• Radio observations of four active galactic nuclei hosting intermediate-mass black hole candidates: studying the outflow activity and evolution
• Premerger localization of intermediate mass binary black holes with LISA and prospects of joint observations with Athena and LSST
• Accretion onto supermassive and intermediate mass black holes in cosmological simulations
• Early formation of supermassive black holes from the collapse of strongly self-interacting dark matter
• eROSITA Detection Rates for Tidal Disruptions of White Dwarfs by Intermediate Mass Black Holes
• The Success of Optical Variability in Uncovering AGNs in Low-stellar Mass Galaxies
• Relativistic scattering of a fast spinning neutron star by a massive black hole
• Radio timing in a millisecond pulsar-extreme/intermediate mass ratio binary system
• Dynamics of intermediate mass black holes in globular clusters. Wander radius and anisotropy profiles
• Optical Continuum Reverberation Mapping of a Candidate IMBH in a Nearby Seyfert 1 Galaxy
• The ultraluminous X-ray source M81 X-6: a weakly magnetised neutron star with a precessing accretion disc?
• Study of accretion flows around an ultraluminous X-ray source M82 X-1 using NuSTAR data
• Gravitational Burst Radiation from Pulsars in the Galactic centre and stellar clusters
• An 85-s X-ray quasi-periodicity after a stellar tidal disruption by a candidate intermediate-mass black hole
• HYPERION. Shedding light on the first luminous quasars: A correlation between UV disc winds and X-ray continuum
• Massive black holes in high-redshift Lyman Break Galaxies
• Astrophysics with the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna
• Tidal disruption events and quasi periodic eruptions
• Gravitational-wave searches in the era of Advanced LIGO and Virgo
• Probing intermediate-mass black hole binaries with the Lunar Gravitational-wave Antenna
• Feeding and feedback from little monsters: AGN in dwarf galaxies
• Mid-Frequency Gravitational Wave Detection and Sources
• Formation of massive black holes in ultra-compact dwarf galaxies: migration of primordial intermediate-mass black holes in N-body simulation
• GravSphere2: A higher-order Jeans method for mass-modeling spherical stellar systems
• Identification of Intermediate-mass Black Hole Candidates Among a Sample of Sd Galaxies
• A follow-up on intermediate-mass black hole candidates in the second LIGO-Virgo observing run with the Bayes Coherence Ratio
• Discovery of faint double-peak Halpha emission in the halo of low redshift galaxies
• The impact of local noise recorded at the ET candidate sites on the signal to noise ratio of CBC gravitational wave signals for the ET triangle configuration
• Intermediate Mass Black Holes: A brief review
• Possible Gravitational Microlensing Events in the Optical Lightcurve of Active Galaxy S5 0716+714
• Detecting intermediate mass black holes in midiquasars with current and future surveys
• Emission Line Diagnostics for IMBHs in Dwarf Galaxies: Accounting for BH Seeding and ULX Excitation
• A Dual Active Black Hole Candidate with Mass Ratio ~7:1 in a Disk Galaxy
• Exploring the evolution of a dwarf spheroidal galaxy with SPH simulations: II. AGN feedback
• Discovery of the Tadpole Molecular Cloud near the Galactic Nucleus
• Feedback from intermediate mass black holes on dwarf galaxy morphology at z=2
• Astrophysical black holes
• Detecting Intermediate-Mass Black Holes out to 20 Mpc with ELT/HARMONI: The Case of FCC 119
• Detection for Intermediate-mass Binary Black Holes in Population III Star Clusters with TianQin
• Identifying Long Radio Transients with Accompanying X-Ray Emission as Disk-Jet Precessing Black Holes: The Case of ASKAP J1832-0911
• Gravitational wave inference of star cluster properties from intermediate-mass black hole mergers
• Minimum gas mass accreted by spinning intermediate-mass black holes in stellar clusters
• Variability as a new discovery channel for Intermediate-Mass Black Holes in the Time Domain Era
• Formation of A Nuclear Star Cluster Through A Merger Event In The Low Surface Brightness Galaxy AGC 223218
• FROST-CLUSTERS -- III. Metallicity-dependent intermediate mass black hole formation by runaway collisions in dense star clusters
• MaNGA AGN dwarf galaxies (MAD) -- IV. Revealing hidden AGN in dwarf galaxies with radio observations
• A study of 1000 galaxies with unusually young and massive stars in the SDSS: a search for hidden black holes
• Prospects for joint multiband detection of intermediate-mass black holes by LGWA and the Einstein Telescope
• The imprint of gas on gravitational waves from LISA intermediate-mass black hole binaries
• The black hole population in low-mass galaxies in large-scale cosmological simulations
• Capability for detection of GW190521-like binary black holes with TianQin
• Black holes
• The nature of the X-ray sources in dwarf galaxies in nearby clusters from the KIWICS
• Fueling, Evolution, and Diversity of AGN in Dwarf Galaxies: Insights from Star Formation and Black Hole Scaling Relations
• Search of Intermediate Mass Black Holes at Low Redshift with Intra-night Variability
• Time Domain Astronomy with the THESEUS Satellite
• Investigating the Impacts of AGN Activities on Dwarf Galaxies with FAST HI Observations
• Automatic detection of tidal disruption events and other long duration transients in XMM-Newton data