A rapid channel for the collisional formation and gravitational wave driven mergers of supermassive black hole seeds at high redshift

Abstract

Motivated by JWST observations of dense, clumpy and clustered high redshift star formation, we simulate the hierarchical assembly of nine $M_{\mathrm{cl}}=10^6{M}_{\odot }$ star clusters using the BIFROST N-body code. Our low metallicity models ($0.01Z_{\odot }$) with post-Newtonian equations of motion for black holes include evolving populations of single, binary and triple stars. Massive stars grow by stellar collisions and collapse into intermediate mass black holes (IMBHs) up to $M_{\bullet }\sim 6200M_{\odot }$, stellar multiplicity boosting the IMBH masses by a factor of $2$--$3$. The IMBHs tidally disrupt (TDE) $\sim 50$ stars in $10$ Myr with peak TDE rates up to $\Gamma \sim 5\times 10^{-5}$ yr${}^{-1}$ per cluster. These IMBHs are natural seeds for supermassive black holes (SMBHs) and the hierarchical assembly frequently leads to $>2$ SMBH seeds per cluster and their rapid mergers ($t<10$ Myr). We propose that a gravitational wave (GW) driven merger of IMBHs with $1000M_{\odot }\lesssim M_{\bullet }\lesssim 10000M_{\odot }$ with comparable masses is a characteristic GW fingerprint of SMBH seed formation at redshifts $z>10$, and IMBH formation in similar environments at lower redshifts. Massive star clusters provide a unique environment for the early Universe GW studies for the next-generation GW observatories including the Einstein Telescope and the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna.

7 pages (main text 5), 5 figures, accepted for publication in MNRAS Letters

References in corpus (62)

• On the variation of the Initial Mass Function
• TianQin: a space-borne gravitational wave detector
• GWTC-3: Compact Binary Coalescences Observed by LIGO and Virgo During the Second Part of the Third Observing Run
• Laser Interferometer Space Antenna
• Mind your Ps and Qs: the Interrelation between Period (P) and Mass-ratio (Q) Distributions of Binary Stars
• The formation of massive black holes through collision runaway in dense young star clusters
• Intermediate-Mass Black Holes
• The SINS survey of z~2 galaxy kinematics: properties of the giant star forming clumps
• The Assembly of the First Massive Black Holes
• Low-frequency gravitational-wave science with eLISA/NGO
• Formation of Massive Black Holes in Dense Star Clusters. I. Mass Segregation and Core Collapse
• JADES NIRSpec Spectroscopy of GN-z11: Lyman-$\alpha$ emission and possible enhanced nitrogen abundance in a $z=10.60$ luminous galaxy
• Intermediate mass black holes in AGN disks: I. Production & Growth
• Stellar Collisions During Binary-Binary and Binary-Single Star Interactions
• The maximum stellar mass, star-cluster formation and composite stellar populations
• Observational evidence for intermediate-mass black holes
• Massive black hole binaries from runaway collisions: the impact of metallicity
• Inverse dynamical population synthesis: Constraining the initial conditions of young stellar clusters by studying their binary populations
• From dawn till disk: Milky Way's turbulent youth revealed by the APOGEE+Gaia data
• The Solar Neighborhood XLV. The Stellar Multiplicity Rate of M Dwarfs Within 25 pc
• The Antennae Galaxies (NGC 4038/4039) Revisited: ACS and NICMOS Observations of a Prototypical Merger
• Intermediate mass black holes in AGN disks II. Model predictions & observational constraints
• Multimessenger Signatures of Massive Black Holes in Dwarf Galaxies
• Formation of Intermediate-Mass Black Holes through Runaway Collisions in the First Star Clusters
• The GRIFFIN project -- Formation of star clusters with individual massive stars in a simulated dwarf galaxy starburst
• Compact object mergers: exploring uncertainties from stellar and binary evolution with SEVN
• Massive Black Hole Binaries from Collisional Runaways
• Intermediate Mass Black Hole Formation in compact Young Massive Star Clusters
• The Science of the Einstein Telescope
• Runaway collisions in young star clusters. I. Methods and tests
• Intermediate-mass black holes in colliding clusters: Implications for lower-frequency gravitational-wave astronomy
• Modeling the remnant mass, spin, and recoil from unequal-mass, precessing black-hole binaries: The Intermediate Mass Ratio Regime
• A universal route for the formation of massive star clusters in giant molecular clouds
• Formation of LISA Black Hole Binaries in Merging Dwarf Galaxies: the Imprint of Dark Matter
• Nuclear Black Hole Formation in Clumpy Galaxies at High Redshift
• MSTAR -- a fast parallelised algorithmically regularised integrator with minimum spanning tree coordinates
• Simulations predict intermediate-mass black hole formation in globular clusters
• Binaries of massive black holes in rotating clusters: Dynamics, gravitational waves, detection and the role of eccentricity
• Gravitational wave of intermediate-mass black holes in Population III star clusters
• The moment of core collapse in star clusters with a mass function
• The role of stellar collisions for the formation of massive stars
• The growth of intermediate mass black holes through tidal captures and tidal disruption events
• On the onset of runaway stellar collisions in dense star clusters I. Dynamics of the first collision
• The growth of massive stars via stellar collisions in ensemble star clusters
• Implementing Primordial Binaries in Simulations of Star Cluster Formation with a Hybrid MHD and Direct N-Body Method
• Massive star cluster formation I. High star formation efficiency while resolving feedback of individual stars
• Symplectic fourth-order maps for the collisional N-body problem
• FROST: a momentum-conserving CUDA implementation of a hierarchical fourth-order forward symplectic integrator
• Binary intermediate-mass black hole mergers in globular clusters
• BIFROST: simulating compact subsystems in star clusters using a hierarchical fourth-order forward symplectic integrator code
• Extremely efficient mergers of intermediate mass black hole binaries in nucleated dwarf galaxies
• Primordial Rotating Disk Composed of $\ge$15 Dense Star-Forming Clumps at Cosmic Dawn
• Merging Hierarchical Triple Black Hole Systems with Intermediate-mass Black Holes in Population III Star Clusters
• Massive star cluster formation II. Runaway stars as fossils of sub-cluster mergers
• Growth of Massive Black-Holes in FFB Galaxies at Cosmic Dawn
• From Seeds to Supermassive Black Holes: Capture, Growth, Migration, and Pairing in Dense Proto-Bulge Environments
• The formation, evolution and disruption of star clusters with improved gravitational dynamics in simulated dwarf galaxies
• Intermediate-mass black hole binary parameter estimation with next-generation ground-based detector networks
• Mergers of globular clusters in the Galactic disc: intermediate mass black hole coalescence and implications for gravitational waves detection
• Formation of massive black holes in ultra-compact dwarf galaxies: migration of primordial intermediate-mass black holes in N-body simulation
• The Dragon-II simulations -- I. Evolution of single and binary compact objects in star clusters with up to 1 million stars
• The role of Massive Black Holes in merging star clusters: dynamical evolution, stellar & compact object ejections and gravitational waves

Cited by in corpus (6)

• The properties of primordially-seeded black holes and their hosts in the first billion years: implications for JWST
• Mergers all the way down: stellar collisions and kinematics of a dense hierarchically forming massive star cluster in a dwarf starburst
• Super-Eddington accretion in high-redshift quasar hosts: Black-hole driven outflows, galaxy quenching, and the nature of little red dots
• Intermediate Mass Black Hole Binary Evolution in Nuclear Star Clusters: the effect of the stellar mass black hole population
• Massive star clusters detected by JWST as natural birth places to form intermediate-mass black holes
• Identification of Candidate Halos Hosting Massive Black Hole Seeds in the $\text{Renaissance}$ Simulations with Support Vector Machines