The growth of intermediate mass black holes through tidal captures and tidal disruption events

Abstract

We present $N-\mathrm{body}$ simulations, including post-Newtonian dynamics, of dense clusters of low-mass stars harbouring central black holes (BHs) with initial masses of 50, 300, and 2000 ${\mathrm{M}}_{\odot }$. The models are evolved with the $N-\mathrm{body}$ code \textsc{bifrost} to investigate the possible formation and growth of massive BHs by the tidal capture of stars and tidal disruption events (TDEs). We model star-BH tidal interactions using a velocity-dependent drag force, which causes orbital energy and angular momentum loss near the BH. About $\sim 20-30$ per cent of the stars within the spheres of influence of the black holes form Bahcall-Wolf cusps and prevent the systems from core collapse. Within the first 40 Myr of evolution, the systems experience 500 up to 1300 TDEs, depending on the initial cluster structure. Most ($>95$ per cent) of the TDEs originate from stars in the Bahcall-Wolf cusp. We derive an analytical formula for the TDE rate as a function of the central BH mass, density and velocity dispersion of the clusters (${\dot{N}}_{\mathrm{TDE}}\propto M{}_{\mathrm{BH}}\rho {\sigma }^{-3}$). We find that TDEs can lead a 300 ${\mathrm{M}}_{\odot }$ BH to reach $\sim 7000{\mathrm{M}}_{\odot }$ within a Gyr. This indicates that TDEs can drive the formation and growth of massive BHs in sufficiently dense environments, which might be present in the central regions of nuclear star clusters.

17 pages, 18 figures

References in corpus (26)

• First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. I. The Shadow of the Supermassive Black Hole
• X-ray Properties of Black-Hole Binaries
• First Sagittarius A* Event Horizon Telescope Results. I. The Shadow of the Supermassive Black Hole in the Center of the Milky Way
• General Relativistic Hydrodynamic Simulation of Accretion Flow from a Stellar Tidal Disruption
• The origins of massive black holes
• The evolution of runaway stellar collision products
• A Sun-like star orbiting a black hole
• PeTar: a high-performance N-body code for modeling massive collisional stellar systems
• Repeated mergers, mass-gap black holes, and formation of intermediate-mass black holes in nuclear star clusters
• Hunting for Massive Black Holes in Dwarf Galaxies
• Intermediate mass black holes from stellar mergers in young star clusters
• The Structure of Nuclear Star Clusters in Nearby Late-type Spiral Galaxies from Hubble Space Telescope Wide Field Camera 3 Imaging
• A 10,000-solar-mass black hole in the nucleus of a bulgeless dwarf galaxy
• A supra-massive population of stellar-mass black holes in the globular cluster Palomar 5
• Black hole mergers in compact star clusters and massive black hole formation beyond the mass-gap
• Breaching the limit: formation of GW190521-like and IMBH mergers in young massive clusters
• MSTAR -- a fast parallelised algorithmically regularised integrator with minimum spanning tree coordinates
• Mass, Spin, and Ultralight Boson Constraints from the Intermediate Mass Black Hole in the Tidal Disruption Event 3XMM J215022.4-055108
• Detection of a $\sim$100,000 M${}_{\odot }$ black hole in M31's most massive globular cluster: A tidally stripped nucleus
• Indication of Another Intermediate-mass Black Hole in the Galactic Center
• The Fifth Candidate for an Intermediate-mass Black Hole in the Galactic Center
• FROST: a momentum-conserving CUDA implementation of a hierarchical fourth-order forward symplectic integrator
• Intermediate-mass black holes and the fundamental plane of black hole accretion
• MOCCA-SURVEY Database I: Is NGC 6535 a Dark Star Cluster Harboring an IMBH?
• Stream-Disk Shocks as the Origins of Peak Light in Tidal Disruption Events
• Loss Cone Shielding

Cited by in corpus (20)

• Efficient Formation of Massive Galaxies at Cosmic Dawn by Feedback-Free Starbursts
• Feedback-Free Starbursts at Cosmic Dawn: Observable Predictions for JWST
• Massive black hole assembly in nuclear star clusters
• Growth of Massive Black-Holes in FFB Galaxies at Cosmic Dawn
• Rapid formation of a very massive star >50000 $M_{\odot }$ and subsequently an IMBH from runaway collisions. Direct N-body and Monte Carlo simulations of dense star clusters
• A rapid channel for the collisional formation and gravitational wave driven mergers of supermassive black hole seeds at high redshift
• Efficiency of black hole formation via collisions in stellar systems: An analysis of data from simulations and observations
• Little Red Dots are Tidal Disruption Events in Runaway-Collapsing Clusters
• Simulating the tidal disruption of stars by stellar-mass black holes using moving-mesh hydrodynamics
• Intermediate-mass black hole binary parameter estimation with next-generation ground-based detector networks
• Demographics of Tidal Disruption Events with L-Galaxies: I. Volumetric TDE rates and the abundance of Nuclear Star Clusters
• Mergers all the way down: stellar collisions and kinematics of a dense hierarchically forming massive star cluster in a dwarf starburst
• Dynamics of intermediate mass black holes in globular clusters. Wander radius and anisotropy profiles
• Fast and accurate parameter estimation of high-redshift sources with the Einstein Telescope
• Gravitational wave inference of star cluster properties from intermediate-mass black hole mergers
• Minimum gas mass accreted by spinning intermediate-mass black holes in stellar clusters
• FROST-CLUSTERS -- III. Metallicity-dependent intermediate mass black hole formation by runaway collisions in dense star clusters
• Black hole merger rates for LISA and LGWA from semi-analytical modelling of light seeds
• Intermediate Mass Black Hole Binary Evolution in Nuclear Star Clusters: the effect of the stellar mass black hole population
• Comparing next-generation detector configurations for high-redshift gravitational wave sources with neural posterior estimation