FROST-CLUSTERS -- III. Metallicity-dependent intermediate mass black hole formation by runaway collisions in dense star clusters

Abstract

We explore the formation of intermediate mass black holes (IMBHs), potential seeds for supermassive black holes (SMBHs), via runaway stellar collisions for a wide range of star cluster (surface) densities ($4\times 10^3{M}_{\odot }$ pc${}^{-2}\lesssim {\Sigma }_{\mathrm{h}}\lesssim 4\times 10^6{M}_{\odot }$ pc${}^{-2}$) and metallicities $(0.01Z_{\odot }\lesssim Z\lesssim 1.0Z_{\odot })$. Our sample of isolated (>1400) and hierarchical (30) simulations of young, massive star clusters with up to $N=1.8\times 10^6$ stars includes collisional stellar dynamics, stellar evolution, and post-Newtonian equations of motion for black holes using the BIFROST code. High stellar wind rates suppress IMBH formation at high metallicities ($Z\gtrsim 0.2Z_{\odot }$) and low collision rates prevent their formation at low densities (${\Sigma }_{\mathrm{h}}\lesssim 3\times 10^4{M}_{\odot }$ pc${}^{-2}$). The assumptions about stellar wind loss rates strongly affect the maximum final IMBH masses ($M_{\bullet }\sim 6000M_{\odot }$ vs. $25000M_{\odot }$). The total stellar mass loss from collisions and collisionally boosted winds before $t=3$ Myr can together reach up to $5$--$10\%$ of the final cluster mass. We present fitting formulae for IMBH masses as a function of host star cluster ${\Sigma }_{\mathrm{h}}$ and $Z$ which can be used to seed SMBHs in high resolution cosmological hydrodynamical simulations and in semi-analytic models for galaxy formation. Our results favour IMBH formation in dense low metallicity environments similar to $z\sim 10$ James Webb Space Telescope (\textit{JWST}) proto globular clusters. IMBH formation is suppressed in the high metallicity and low density conditions of the local Universe.

27 pages, 20 figures (including the appendix). Accepted for publication in MNRAS. Section 6 of the previous arXiv submission will be submitted as a separate study

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