Massive Star Clusters in the Semi-Analytical Galaxy Formation Model L-Galaxies 2020

Abstract

It is established that there exists a direct link between the formation history of star cluster populations and their host galaxies. However, our lack of understanding of the assembly of star cluster populations impede our ability to use them as tracers of galaxy evolution. In this work we introduce a new variation of the L-Galaxies 2020 semi-analytic galaxy formation model that includes the formation of star clusters above 10^4 MSun and probes different physical assumptions that affect their evolution over cosmic time. We use properties of different galaxy components and localised star formation to determine the bound fraction of star formation in disks. After randomly sampling masses from an environmentally-dependent star cluster initial mass function, we assign to each object a half-mass radius, metallicity, and distance from the galaxy centre. We consider up to 2000 individual star clusters per galaxy and evolve their properties over time taking into account stellar evolution, two-body relaxation, tidal shocks, dynamical friction, and a re-positioning during galaxy mergers. Our simulation successfully reproduces several observational quantities, such as the empirical relationship between the absolute V-band magnitude of the brightest young star clusters and the host galaxy star formation rate, the mass function of young star clusters, and mean metallicities of the star cluster distributions versus galaxy masses. The simulation reveals great complexity in the z=0 star cluster population resulting from differential destruction channels and origins, including in-situ populations in the disk, a major merger-induced heated component in the halo, and accreted star clusters. Model variations point out the importance of the shape of the star cluster initial mass function, the initial distribution of half-mass radii, or the relationship between the sound speed of cold gas and the SFR.

Accepted for publication by A&A. 26 pages, 11 figures, 2 tables. Abstract was abridged to meet arXiv requirements

References in corpus (274)

• Galactic Stellar and Substellar Initial Mass Function
• The Structure of Cold Dark Matter Halos
• Star Formation in Galaxies Along the Hubble Sequence
• Planck 2013 results. XVI. Cosmological parameters
• Simulating the joint evolution of quasars, galaxies and their large-scale distribution
• The many lives of active galactic nuclei: cooling flows, black holes and the luminosities and colours of galaxies
• The EAGLE project: Simulating the evolution and assembly of galaxies and their environments
• The Origin of the Mass--Metallicity Relation: Insights from 53,000 Star-Forming Galaxies in the SDSS
• Populating a cluster of galaxies - I. Results at z=0
• The Star Formation Efficiency in Nearby Galaxies: Measuring Where Gas Forms Stars Effectively
• The propagation of uncertainties in stellar population synthesis modeling I: The relevance of uncertain aspects of stellar evolution and the IMF to the derived physical properties of galaxies
• Grids of stellar models with rotation - I. Models from 0.8 to 120 Msun at solar metallicity (Z = 0.014)
• The hierarchical formation of the brightest cluster galaxies
• The EAGLE simulations of galaxy formation: calibration of subgrid physics and model variations
• Metallicity Calibrations and the Mass-Metallicity Relation for Star-Forming Galaxies
• Physical Models of Galaxy Formation in a Cosmological Framework
• From dwarf spheroidals to cDs: Simulating the galaxy population in a LCDM cosmology
• Young massive star clusters
• A Unified Model for the Evolution of Galaxies and Quasars
• A Semi-Analytic Model for the Co-evolution of Galaxies, Black Holes, and Active Galactic Nuclei
• The propagation of uncertainties in stellar population synthesis modeling III: model calibration, comparison, and evaluation
• Substructures in hydrodynamical cluster simulations
• The Stellar IMF from Turbulent Fragmentation
• The Formation of Massive Stars from Turbulent Cores
• Cold dark matter haloes in the Planck era: evolution of structural parameters for Einasto and NFW profiles
• Resolving Cosmic Structure Formation with the Millennium-II Simulation
• Density, Velocity, and Magnetic Field Structure in Turbulent Molecular Cloud Models
• Extragalactic Globular Clusters and Galaxy Formation
• Galaxy formation in the Planck Cosmology - I. Matching the observed evolution of star formation rates, colours and stellar masses
• The SINS survey of z~2 galaxy kinematics: properties of the giant star forming clumps
• Re-examining Larson's Scaling Relationships in Galactic Molecular Clouds
• The Statistics of Supersonic Isothermal Turbulence
• Dynamical Friction in a Gaseous Medium
• A catalogue of masses, structural parameters and velocity dispersion profiles of 112 Milky Way globular clusters
• A primer on hierarchical galaxy formation: the semi-analytical approach
• The Star Formation Rate of Supersonic MHD Turbulence
• The Atomic to Molecular Transition in Galaxies. II: HI and H_2 Column Densities
• The ACS Virgo Cluster Survey IX: The Color Distributions of Globular Cluster Systems in Early-Type Galaxies
• Halo Substructure And The Power Spectrum
• On the fraction of star formation occurring in bound stellar clusters
• Efficiencies of Low-Mass Star and Star Cluster Formation
• The Mass Function of Young Star Clusters in the "Antennae" Galaxies
• Grids of stellar models with rotation - III. Models from 0.8 to 120 Msun at a metallicity Z = 0.002
• The formation and assembly history of the Milky Way revealed by its globular cluster population
• Distances, ages, and epoch of formation of globular clusters
• M31 Globular Clusters: Colors and Metallicities
• The ACS Virgo Cluster Survey XV. The Formation Efficiencies of Globular Clusters in Early-Type Galaxies: The Effects of Mass and Environment
• Resolved Galaxies in the Hubble Ultra Deep Field: Star Formation in Disks at High Redshift
• On the mass-to-light ratio of the local Galactic disc and the optical luminosity of the Galaxy
• Modeling the Metallicity Distribution of Globular Clusters
• Improving the open cluster census. II. An all-sky cluster catalogue with Gaia DR3
• Formation of globular clusters in hierarchical cosmology
• A Unified Model for Galactic Discs: Star Formation, Turbulence Driving, and Mass Transport
• Globular clusters as the relics of regular star formation in 'normal' high-redshift galaxies
• New Insights from HST Studies of Globular Cluster Systems I: Colors, Distances and Specific Frequencies of 28 Elliptical Galaxies
• The Structure of the Interstellar Medium of Star Forming Galaxies
• The lifecycle of molecular clouds in nearby star-forming disc galaxies
• Galaxy Disks
• The Assembly of Supermassive Black Holes at High Redshifts
• The MOSDEF Survey: The Evolution of the Mass-Metallicity Relation from $z=0$ to $z\sim 3.3$
• The PdBI Arcsecond Whirlpool Survey (PAWS): Environmental Dependence of Giant Molecular Cloud Properties in M51
• The PHANGS-MUSE survey -- Probing the chemo-dynamical evolution of disc galaxies
• Kraken reveals itself -- the merger history of the Milky Way reconstructed with the E-MOSAICS simulations
• Cluster Mass Functions in the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds: Fading and Size of Sample Effects
• The Role of Gas in the Merging of Massive Black Holes in Galactic Nuclei. I. Black Hole Merging in a Spherical Gas Cloud
• The MORGANA model for the rise of galaxies and active nuclei
• The E-MOSAICS Project: simulating the formation and co-evolution of galaxies and their star cluster populations
• The propagation of uncertainties in stellar population synthesis modeling II: The challenge of comparing galaxy evolution models to observations
• The Bifurcated Age-Metallicity Relation of Milky Way Globular Clusters and its Implications For the Accretion History of the Galaxy
• The Luminosity Function of Star Clusters in Spiral Galaxies
• Legacy ExtraGalactic UV Survey (LEGUS) with The Hubble Space Telescope. I. Survey Description
• On the Star Formation Rate - Brightest Cluster Relation: Estimating the peak SFR in post-merger galaxies
• On the Density Probability Function of Galactic Gas. I. Numerical Simulations and the Significance of the Polytropic Index
• The Sausage Globular Clusters
• The Ages and Abundances of the M87 Globular Clusters
• SLUG - Stochastically Lighting Up Galaxies I: Methods and Validating Tests
• Black holes and core expansion in massive star clusters
• Galaxy assembly, stellar feedback and metal enrichment: the view from the GAEA model
• Paving the way for the JWST: witnessing globular cluster formation at z>3
• Clusters in the inner spiral arms of M51: the cluster IMF and the formation history
• The properties of the ISM in disc galaxies with stellar feedback
• The Molecular Gas Distribution and Schmidt Law in M33
• Age and helium content of the open cluster NGC 6791 from multiple eclipsing binary members. II. age dependencies and new insights
• Local Axisymmetric Instability Criterion in the Thin, Rotating, Multicomponent Disk
• The life cycle of star cluster in a tidal field
• The Kinematics and Metallicity of the M31 Globular Cluster System
• A New Method for Estimating Dark Matter Halo Masses using Globular Cluster Systems
• Probing the role of the galactic environment in the formation of stellar clusters; using M83 as a test bench
• Constraints on the Assembly and Dynamics of Galaxies: I. Detailed Rest-frame Optical Morphologies on Kiloparsec-scale of z ~ 2 Star-forming Galaxies
• Disruption time scales of star clusters in different galaxies
• The Atomic-to-Molecular Transition in Galaxies. III. A New Method for Determining the Molecular Content of Primordial and Dusty Clouds
• Is Turbulence in the Interstellar Medium Driven by Feedback or Gravity? An Observational Test
• Statistics of N-body Simulations I. Equal Masess Before Core Collapse
• Globular cluster formation in the context of galaxy formation and evolution
• Mapping metallicity variations across nearby galaxy disks
• Molecular Clouds Toward the Super Star Cluster NGC3603; Possible Evidence for a Cloud-Cloud Collision in Triggering the Cluster Formation
• The formation and hierarchical assembly of globular cluster populations
• Legacy ExtraGalactic UV Survey with The Hubble Space Telescope. Stellar cluster catalogues and first insights into cluster formation and evolution in NGC 628
• Stellar Clusters in M83: Formation, evolution, disruption and the influence of environment
• The dynamical mass of the young cluster W3 in NGC 7252: Heavy-Weight globular cluster or ultra compact dwarf galaxy ?
• SLUG -- Stochastically Lighting Up Galaxies. III: A Suite of Tools for Simulated Photometry, Spectroscopy, and Bayesian Inference with Stochastic Stellar Populations
• Physical conditions in the ISM of intensely star-forming galaxies at redshift~2
• The Atomic to Molecular Transition and its Relation to the Scaling Properties of Galaxy Disks in the Local Universe
• The effective stability parameter for two-component galactic discs: Is 1/Q ~ 1/Q_stars + 1/Q_gas ?
• A complete 12CO 2-1 map of M51 with HERA: I. Radial averages of CO, HI, and radio continuum
• Star cluster formation in cosmological simulations. I. Properties of young clusters
• DYNAMO I: A Sample of Ha-Luminous Galaxies with Resolved Kinematics
• The shape of oxygen abundance profiles explored with MUSE: evidence for widespread deviations from single gradients
• The E-MOSAICS project: tracing galaxy formation and assembly with the age-metallicity distribution of globular clusters
• Morphologies of ~190,000 Galaxies at z=0-10 Revealed with HST Legacy Data II. Evolution of Clumpy Galaxies
• Evolution in the black hole mass-bulge mass relation: a theoretical perspective
• Extragalactic Globular Clusters: Old Spectroscopic Ages and New Views on Their Formation
• The SLUGGS Survey: Calcium Triplet-based Spectroscopic Metallicities for Over 900 Globular Clusters
• Dark Matter Halos in Galaxies and Globular Cluster Populations
• The PHANGS-HST Survey: Physics at High Angular resolution in Nearby GalaxieS with the Hubble Space Telescope
• JWST/NIRCam Probes Young Star Clusters in the Reionization Era Sunrise Arc
• The PHANGS-JWST Treasury Survey: Star Formation, Feedback, and Dust Physics at High Angular resolution in Nearby GalaxieS
• The impact of galactic properties and environment on the quenching of central and satellite galaxies: A comparison between SDSS, Illustris and L-Galaxies
• The Star Formation Rate in the Gravoturbulent Interstellar Medium
• Evolution of star clusters in arbitrary tidal fields
• Giant clumps in the FIRE simulations: a case study of a massive high-redshift galaxy
• L-GALAXIES 2020: Spatially resolved cold gas phases, star formation and chemical enrichment in galactic discs
• The outer halo globular cluster system of M31 - I. The final PAndAS catalogue
• The metallicity bimodality of globular cluster systems: a test of galaxy assembly and of the evolution of the galaxy mass-metallicity relation
• SLUG - Stochastically Lighting Up Galaxies. II: Quantifying the Effects of Stochasticity on Star Formation Rate Indicators
• Giant Molecular Clouds in M64
• Star formation at the smallest scales; A JWST study of the clump populations in SMACS0723
• Super Star Cluster Velocity Dispersions and Virial Masses in the M82 Nuclear Starburst
• Reconstructing Galaxy Histories from Globular Clusters
• Massive Star cluster formation under the microscope at z=6
• Core Formation by a Population of Massive Remnants
• Molecular Cloud Populations in the Context of Their Host Galaxy Environments: A Multiwavelength Perspective
• On the metallicity of open clusters II. Spectroscopy
• Observing the Formation of the Hubble Sequence in the Great Observatories Origins Deep Survey
• A Possible Formation Scenario for the Ultra-Massive Cluster W3 in NGC 7252
• Modelling Element Abundances in Semi-analytic Models of Galaxy Formation
• The GRIFFIN project -- Formation of star clusters with individual massive stars in a simulated dwarf galaxy starburst
• Stellar populations and star formation histories of the nuclear star clusters in six nearby galaxies
• Dynamical Evolution of Globular Clusters in Hierarchical Cosmology
• Abundances and possible diffusion of elements in M67 stars
• Star Formation and Metallicity Gradients in Semi-analytic Models of Disk Galaxy Formation
• A 2dF spectroscopic study of globular clusters in NGC 5128: Probing the formation history of the nearest giant Elliptical
• Probing cluster formation under extreme conditions: massive star clusters in blue compact galaxies
• Modeling the cosmological co-evolution of supermassive black holes and galaxies: II. The clustering of quasars and their dark environment
• A unified model for the maximum mass-scales of molecular clouds, stellar clusters, and high-redshift clumps
• The star cluster - field star connection in nearby spiral galaxies. II. Field star and cluster formation histories and their relation
• High-Precision Dark Halo Virial Masses from Globular Cluster Numbers: Implications for Globular Cluster Formation and Galaxy Assembly
• Elemental Abundances in Milky Way-like Galaxies from a Hierarchical Galaxy Formation Model
• Detailed dust modelling in the L-Galaxies semi-analytic model of galaxy formation
• The Star Clusters of the Small Magellanic Cloud: Age Distribution
• Effective Radii of Young, Massive Star Clusters in Two LEGUS Galaxies
• On the current status of open-cluster parameters
• Radii of Young Star Clusters in Nearby Galaxies
• The Chemical Evolution Carousel of Spiral Galaxies: Azimuthal Variations of Oxygen Abundance in NGC1365
• Age and distance for the old open cluster NGC188 from the eclipsing binary member V12
• Star Cluster Formation in Cosmological Simulations. II. Effects of Star Formation Efficiency and Stellar Feedback
• The Sparkler: Evolved High-Redshift Globular Clusters Captured by JWST
• M31 Globular Clusters in the HST Archive: I. Cluster Detection and Completeness
• Massive black hole evolution models confronting the n-Hz amplitude of the stochastic gravitational wave background
• Massive black hole seeds born via direct gas collapse in galaxy mergers: their properties, statistics and environment
• The SLUGGS Survey: NGC 3115, A Critical Test Case for Metallicity Bimodality in Globular Cluster Systems
• Star cluster formation in cosmological simulations. III. Dynamical and chemical evolution
• The structure and statistics of interstellar turbulence
• How can young massive clusters reach their present-day sizes?
• Formation histories of stars, clusters and globular clusters in the E-MOSAICS simulations
• The effect of bars and transient spirals on the vertical heating in disk galaxies
• Globular Cluster Systems in Brightest Cluster Galaxies. III: Beyond Bimodality
• Early Low-Mass Galaxies and Star-Cluster Candidates at z~6-9 Identified by the Gravitational Lensing Technique and Deep Optical/Near-Infrared Imaging
• Evidence of ongoing radial migration in NGC 6754: Azimuthal variations of the gas properties
• A newly-discovered young massive star cluster at the end of the Galactic Bar
• Wide-field imaging of NGC 4365's globular cluster system: The third subpopulation revisited
• From galactic nuclei to the halo outskirts: tracing supermassive black holes across cosmic history and environments
• A Candidate $z\sim 10$ Galaxy Strongly Lensed into a Spatially Resolved Arc
• Globular Clusters in Dense Clusters of Galaxies
• Mapping the Galactic Metallicity Gradient with Open Clusters: The State-of-the-Art and Future Challenges
• Sizes and Shapes of Young Star Cluster Light Profiles in M83
• Galaxy formation with L-GALAXIES: Modelling the environmental dependency of galaxy evolution and comparing with observations
• Cosmological constraints from the CFHTLenS shear measurements using a new, accurate and flexible way of predicting nonlinear mass clustering
• The Effect of Star Formation on the Redshift Evolution of Interstellar Metals, Atomic and Molecular Gas in Galaxies
• Two Epochs of Globular Cluster Formation from Deep Fields Luminosity Functions: Implications for Reionization and the Milky Way Satellites
• If it does not kill them, it makes them stronger: collisional evolution of star clusters with tidal shocks
• Diversity of nuclear star cluster formation mechanisms revealed by their star formation histories
• Star Clusters in Evolving Galaxies
• L-GALAXIES 2020: The evolution of radial metallicity profiles and global metallicities in disc galaxies
• Virgo Redux: The Masses and Stellar Content of Nuclei in Early-Type Galaxies from Multi-Band Photometry and Spectroscopy
• A stellar stream remnant of a globular cluster below the metallicity floor
• An old, metal-poor globular cluster in Sextans A and the metallicity floor of globular cluster systems
• Star Clusters in M31: VII. Global Kinematics and Metallicity Subpopulations of the Globular Clusters
• A prescription and fast code for the long-term evolution of star clusters
• MOCCA Survey Database I: Dissolution of tidally filling star clusters harbouring BH subsystems
• Luminosity Models and Density Profiles for Nuclear Star Clusters for a Nearby Volume-Limited Sample of 29 Galaxies
• Introducing EMP-Pathfinder: modelling the simultaneous formation and evolution of stellar clusters in their host galaxies
• Anomalously low metallicity regions in MaNGA star-forming galaxies: Accretion Caught in Action?
• Formation and evolution of young massive clusters in galaxy mergers: the SMUGGLE view
• The Luminosity Function of Star Clusters in 20 Star-Forming Galaxies Based on Hubble Legacy Archive Photometry
• The SLUGGS Survey: Wide Field Imaging of the Globular Cluster System of NGC 4278
• The cluster population of the irregular galaxy NGC 4449 as seen by the Hubble Advanced Camera for Surveys
• The SAMI Galaxy Survey: energy sources of the turbulent velocity dispersion in spatially-resolved local star-forming galaxies
• The ACS Nearby Galaxy Survey Treasury. X. Quantifying the Star Cluster Formation Efficiency of Nearby Dwarf Galaxies
• Fossil stellar streams and their globular cluster populations in the E-MOSAICS simulations
• Constraining Globular Cluster Age Uncertainties Using the IR Color-Magnitude Diagram
• Super Star Clusters in the Central Starburst of NGC 4945
• Gravitational scattering of stars and clusters and the heating of the Galactic disk
• Multi-flavour SMBH seeding and evolution in cosmological environments
• The nucleation fraction of Local Volume galaxies
• Chemical Cartography with LAMOST and Gaia Reveal Azimuthal and Spiral Structure in the Galactic Disk
• Young star cluster populations in the E-MOSAICS simulations
• Iron in galaxy groups and clusters: Confronting galaxy evolution models with a newly homogenised dataset
• A prescription and fast code for the long-term evolution of star clusters - III. Unequal masses and stellar evolution
• The chemical signature of the Galactic spiral arms revealed by Gaia DR3
• Where did the globular clusters of the Milky Way form? Insights from the E-MOSAICS simulations
• The build-up of pseudobulges in a hierarchical universe
• On star formation in primordial protoglobular clouds
• Pre-supernova feedback sets the star cluster mass function to a power law and reduces the cluster formation efficiency
• The DiskMass Survey. VIII. On the Relationship Between Disk Stability and Star Formation
• Globular clusters as tracers of the dark matter halo: insights from the E-MOSAICS simulations
• The [α/Fe]-[Fe/H] relation in the E-MOSAICS simulations: its connection to the birth place of globular clusters and the fraction of globular cluster field stars in the bulge
• Impact of metallicity on the evolution of young star clusters
• Young stellar populations and star clusters in NGC 1705
• Formation of Globular Cluster Systems II: Impact of the Cutoff of the Cluster Initial Mass Function
• The kinematics of globular cluster populations in the E-MOSAICS simulations and their implications for the assembly history of the Milky Way
• The mass fraction of halo stars contributed by the disruption of globular clusters in the E-MOSAICS simulations
• Formation of star clusters and enrichment by massive stars in simulations of low-metallicity galaxies with a fully sampled initial stellar mass function
• Young and intermediate-age massive star clusters
• Globular cluster numbers in dark matter haloes in a dual formation scenario: an empirical model within EMERGE
• Linking globular cluster formation at low and high redshift through the age-metallicity relation in E-MOSAICS
• An extremely metal-deficient globular cluster in the Andromeda Galaxy
• The extremely populated globular cluster system of the lenticular galaxy NGC 6861
• Star Cluster Formation and Survival in the First Galaxies
• The Globular Cluster System of NGC 6822
• A geostatistical analysis of multiscale metallicity variations in galaxies [I]: Introduction and comparison of high-resolution metallicity maps to an analytic metal transport model
• Young massive clusters in the interacting LIRG Arp 299: evidence for the dependence of star cluster formation and evolution on environment
• Fraction of Clumpy Star-Forming Galaxies at $0.5\le z\le 3$ in UVCANDELS: Dependence on Stellar Mass and Environment
• The formation and evolution of star clusters in interacting galaxies
• Galaxy Formation in the Santa Cruz semi-analytic model compared with IllustrisTNG -- I. Galaxy scaling relations, dispersions, and residuals at z=0
• The initial mass spectrum of old globular clusters in dwarf galaxies
• The MillenniumTNG Project: Semi-analytic galaxy formation models on the past lightcone
• The Snapshot Hubble U-Band Cluster Survey (SHUCS) II. Star Cluster Population of NGC 2997
• Properties of the cluster population of NGC 1566 and their implications
• The Star Cluster System in the Local Group Starburst Galaxy IC 10
• Star clusters forming in a low metallicity starburst -- rapid self-enrichment by (very) massive stars
• The evolution of the UV luminosity function of globular clusters in the E-MOSAICS simulations
• Infrared Narrow-Band Tomography of the Local Starburst NGC 1569 with LBT/LUCIFER
• Mapping electron temperature variations across a spiral arm in NGC 1672
• New Constraints on Early-Type Galaxy Assembly from Spectroscopic Metallicities of Globular Clusters in M87
• Fraction of Stars in Clusters for the LEGUS Dwarf Galaxies
• Is there a Size Difference between Red and Blue Globular Clusters?
• On the initial mass-radius relation of stellar clusters
• The accretion history of the Milky Way. I. How it shapes globular clusters and dwarf galaxies
• The $z\lesssim 1$ drop of cosmic dust abundance in a semi-analytic framework
• The dearth of difference between central and satellite galaxies II. Comparison of observations with L-GALAXIES and EAGLE in star formation quenching
• SIEGE III: The formation of dense stellar clusters in sub-parsec resolution cosmological simulations with individual star feedback
• Massive open star clusters using the VVV survey III: A young massive cluster at the far edge of the Galactic bar
• Testing Feedback from Star Clusters in Simulations of the Milky Way Formation
• Spiral Density Waves in M81. I. Stellar Spiral Density Waves
• Globular cluster metallicity distributions in the E-MOSAICS simulations
• The Non-Axisymmetric Influence: Radius and Angle-Dependent Trends in a Barred Galaxy
• Recoiling Supermassive Black Hole Escape Velocities from Dark Matter Halos
• Demographics of Tidal Disruption Events with L-Galaxies: I. Volumetric TDE rates and the abundance of Nuclear Star Clusters
• On the globular cluster formation history of NGC 5128
• The open cluster NGC 7142: interstellar extinction, distance and age
• Probing galaxy evolution from $z=0$ to $z\simeq 10$ through galaxy scaling relations in three L-Galaxies flavours
• The physics governing the upper truncation mass of the globular cluster mass function
• Trojan globular clusters: radial migration via trapping in bar resonances
• L-GALAXIES 2020: The formation and chemical evolution of stellar haloes in Milky Way Analogues and galaxy clusters
• Modelling Star Cluster Formation: Gas Accretion
• Initial sizes of star clusters: implications for cluster dissolution during galaxy evolution
• Globular Cluster Counts around 700 Nearby Galaxies
• Globular cluster ages and their relation to high-redshift stellar cluster formation times from different globular cluster models
• A two-phase model of galaxy formation: III. The formation of globular clusters
• The formation and disruption of globular cluster populations in simulations of present-day $L^{\ast }$ galaxies with controlled assembly histories
• The hot gas distribution, X-ray luminosity and baryon budget in the L-Galaxies semi-analytic model of galaxy formation
• The present-day globular cluster kinematics of lenticular galaxies from the E-MOSAICS simulations and their relation to the galaxy assembly histories
• The Ancient Globular Clusters of NGC 1291

Cited by in corpus (1)

• FROST-CLUSTERS -- III. Metallicity-dependent intermediate mass black hole formation by runaway collisions in dense star clusters