Star Cluster Formation in Cosmological Simulations. II. Effects of Star Formation Efficiency and Stellar Feedback

Abstract

The implementation of star formation and stellar feedback in cosmological simulations plays a critical role in shaping galaxy properties. In the first paper of the series, we presented a new method to model star formation as a collection of star clusters. In this paper, we improve the algorithm by eliminating accretion gaps, boosting momentum feedback, and introducing a subgrid initial bound fraction, $f_i$, that distinguishes cluster mass from stellar particle mass. We perform a suite of simulations with different star formation efficiency per freefall time ${\epsilon }_{\mathrm{ff}}$ and supernova momentum feedback intensity $f_{\mathrm{boost}}$. We find that the star formation history of a Milky Way-sized galaxy is sensitive to $f_{\mathrm{boost}}$, which allows us to constrain its value, $f_{\mathrm{boost}}\approx 5$, in the current simulation setup. Changing ${\epsilon }_{\mathrm{ff}}$ from a few percent to 200\% has little effect on global galaxy properties. However, on smaller scales, the properties of star clusters are very sensitive to ${\epsilon }_{\mathrm{ff}}$. We find that $f_i$ increases with ${\epsilon }_{\mathrm{ff}}$ and cluster mass. Through the dependence on $f_i$, the shape of the cluster initial mass function varies strongly with ${\epsilon }_{\mathrm{ff}}$. The fraction of clustered star formation and maximum cluster mass increase with the star formation rate surface density, with the normalization of both relations dependent on ${\epsilon }_{\mathrm{ff}}$. The cluster formation timescale systematically decreases with increasing ${\epsilon }_{\mathrm{ff}}$. Local variations in the gas accretion history lead to a 0.25~dex scatter for the integral cluster formation efficiency. Joint constraints from all the observables prefer the runs that produce a median integral efficiency of 16\%.

18 pages, 14 figure., ApJ in press

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