Forming Disk Galaxies in Lambda CDM Simulations

Abstract

We used fully cosmological, high resolution N-body + SPH simulations to follow the formation of disk galaxies with rotational velocities between 135 and 270 km/sec in a Lambda CDM universe. The simulations include gas cooling, star formation, the effects of a uniform UV background and a physically motivated description of feedback from supernovae. The host dark matter halos have a spin and last major merger redshift typical of galaxy sized halos as measured in recent large scale N--Body simulations. The simulated galaxies form rotationally supported disks with realistic exponential scale lengths and fall on both the I-band and baryonic Tully Fisher relations. An extended stellar disk forms inside the Milky Way sized halo immediately after the last major merger. The combination of UV background and SN feedback drastically reduces the number of visible satellites orbiting inside a Milky Way sized halo, bringing it in fair agreement with observations. Our simulations predict that the average age of a primary galaxy's stellar population decreases with mass, because feedback delays star formation in less massive galaxies. Galaxies have stellar masses and current star formation rates as a function of total mass that are in good agreement with observational data. We discuss how both high mass and force resolution and a realistic description of star formation and feedback are important ingredients to match the observed properties of galaxies.

Revised version after the referee's comments. Conclusions unchanged. 2 new plots. MNRAS in press. 20 plots. 21 pages

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• Rotation rates, sizes, and star formation efficiencies of a representative population of simulated disc galaxies
• Galactic Winds in Cosmological Simulations of the Circumgalactic Medium
• Discrete Effects in Stellar Feedback: Individual Supernovae, Hypernovae, and IMF Sampling in Dwarf Galaxies
• Origins Space Telescope Mission Concept Study Report
• The nature of HI absorbers in GRB afterglows: clues from hydrodynamic simulations
• Extended UV Disks and UV-Bright Disks in Low-Mass E/S0 Galaxies
• A giant bar induced by a merger event at z=0.4?
• S0 galaxies are faded spirals: clues from their angular momentum content
• Deep MUSE observations in the HDFS. Morpho-kinematics of distant star-forming galaxies down to $10^8$M${}_{\odot }$
• COLD GASS, an IRAM Legacy Survey of Molecular Gas in Massive Galaxies: III. Comparison with semi-analytic models of galaxy formation
• Modified Dust and the Small Scale Crisis in CDM
• A simple model linking galaxy and dark matter evolution
• Star formation and ISM morphology in tidally induced spiral structures
• Formation of the Large Nearby Galaxies
• Cosmological simulations of dwarfs: the need for ISM physics beyond SN feedback alone
• Dynamical properties of a large young disk galaxy at z=2.03
• Properties of simulated Milky Way-mass galaxies in loose group and field environments
• The Little Galaxies that Could (Reionize the Universe): Predicting Faint End Slopes & Escape Fractions at z > 4
• Using dwarf satellite proper motions to determine their origin
• On the 3 dimensional structure of edge-on disk galaxies
• Evolution of the Stellar Mass Tully-Fisher Relation in Disk Galaxy Merger Simulations
• Mechanisms of Baryon Loss for Dark Satellites in Cosmological SPH Simulations
• Galaxy And Mass Assembly (GAMA): Gas Fuelling of Spiral Galaxies in the Local Universe I. - The Effect of the Group Environment on Star Formation in Spiral Galaxies
• The onset of star formation in primordial haloes
• Adaptive Mesh Refinement Simulations of Galaxy Formation: Exploring Numerical and Physical Parameters
• A forming, dust enshrouded disk at z=0.43: the first example of a late type disk rebuilt after a major merger?
• Simulating disc galaxy bulges that are consistent with observed scaling relations
• Galactic Wind Signatures around High Redshift Galaxies
• From Discs to Bulges: effect of mergers on the morphology of galaxies
• Galactic angular momentum in cosmological zoom-in simulations. I. Disk and bulge components and the galaxy--halo connection
• Type-Ia Supernova-driven Galactic Bulge Wind
• Dark Matter Gravitational Clustering With a Long-Range Scalar Interaction
• The specific star formation rate and stellar mass fraction of low-mass central galaxies in cosmological simulations
• Empirically Constrained Predictions for Metal-Line Emission from the Circumgalactic Medium
• Impact of Supernova feedback on the Tully-Fisher relation
• Effects of metal enrichment and metal cooling in galaxy growth and cosmic star formation history
• The formation of galaxy disks in a hierarchical universe
• Numerical Simulations of Hot Halo Gas in Galaxy Mergers
• The vertical structure of gaseous galaxy discs in cold dark matter halos
• The ACS Nearby Galaxy Survey Treasury IV. The Star Formation History of NGC 2976
• Directly imaging damped Lyman-alpha galaxies at z>2. I: Methodology and First Results
• The Dark Matter Annihilation Signal from Dwarf Galaxies and Subhalos
• Chemodynamical analysis of bulge stars for simulated disc galaxies
• Angular momentum of dwarf galaxies
• Angular momentum transfer to a Milky Way disk at high redshift
• Thick-disk evolution induced by the growth of an embedded thin disk
• Dark MaGICC: the effect of Dark Energy on galaxy formation. Cosmology does matter
• Disc galaxies formed from major mergers in Illustris
• The origin of abundance gradients in the Milky Way: the predictions of different models
• A New Signal Model for Axion Cavity Searches from N-Body Simulations
• Rapid Filamentary Accretion as the Origin of Extended Thin Discs
• Mixed Sneutrinos, Dark Matter and the LHC
• Panchromatic Spectral Energy Distributions of Dusty Galaxies with RADISHE. I. Predictions for Herschel: Correlating Colors with Galactic Energy Sources
• IROCKS: Spatially resolved kinematics of z~1 star forming galaxies
• Metallicity gradients of disc stars for a cosmologically simulated galaxy
• Low-mass galaxy formation in cosmological AMR simulations: the effects of varying the sub-grid physics parameters
• MaGICC-WDM: the effects of warm dark matter in hydrodynamical simulations of disc galaxy formation
• Hobby-Eberly Telescope Observations of the Dark Halo in NGC 821
• Cosmicflows-4: The Baryonic Tully-Fisher Relation Providing ~10,000 Distances
• The baryonic Tully-Fisher relation in the Simba simulation
• The Recent Stellar Archeology of M31 - The Nearest Red Disk Galaxy
• Lyman Alpha and MgII as Probes of Galaxies and their Environments
• Barred galaxies in cosmological zoom-in simulations: the importance of feedback
• Chemical evolution of the Galactic bulge as traced by microlensed dwarf and subgiant stars. Detailed abundance analysis of OGLE-2008-BLG-209S
• The size evolution of galaxy discs formed within Lambda Cold Dark Matter haloes
• Spin-up of massive classical bulges during secular evolution
• Re-growth of stellar disks in mature galaxies: The two component nature of NGC 7217 revisited with VIRUS-W
• A New Model For Including Galactic Winds in Simulations of Galaxy Formation I: Introducing the Physically Evolved Winds (PhEW) Model
• Kinematic Evolution of Simulated Star-Forming Galaxies
• Composition of Low Redshift Halo Gas
• A semi-analytic model of the turbulent multi-phase interstellar medium
• Evolution along the sequence of S0 Hubble types induced by dry minor mergers. II - Bulge-disk coupling in the photometric relations through merger-induced internal secular evolution
• Cosmological DCBH formation sites hostile for their growth
• Dissecting Galaxy Formation: II. Comparing Substructure in Pure Dark Matter and Baryonic Models
• SHARP -- VI. Evidence for CO (1-0) molecular gas extended on kpc-scales in AGN star forming galaxies at high redshift
• Stellar feedback from HMXBs in cosmological hydrodynamical simulations
• Radial Star Formation Histories in Fifteen Nearby Galaxies
• A Catalog of the Most Optically Luminous Galaxies at z<0.3: Super Spirals, Super Lenticulars, Super Post-Mergers, and Giant Ellipticals
• The hierarchical build-up of the Tully-Fisher relation
• Cosmological Simulations of Dwarf Galaxies with Cosmic Ray Feedback
• Revisiting the Size-Luminosity Relation in the Era of Ultra Diffuse Galaxies
• The Cold Gas Content of Bulgeless Dwarf Galaxies
• Biases and systematics in the observational derivation of galaxy properties: comparing different techniques on synthetic observations of simulated galaxies
• The HST/ACS Coma Cluster Survey - VII. Structure and Assembly of Massive Galaxies in the Center of the Coma Cluster
• Star Formation and Feedback in Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamic Simulations II: Resolution Effects
• GARROTXA Cosmological Simulations of Milky Way-sized Galaxies: General Properties, Hot Gas Distribution, and Missing Baryons
• The imprint of satellite accretion on the chemical and dynamical properties of disc galaxies
• ECO and RESOLVE: Galaxy Disk Growth in Environmental Context
• Angular Momentum of Early and Late Type Galaxies: Nature or Nurture?
• DM haloes in the fifth-force cosmology
• Stellar structures in the outer regions of M33
• An Observational Estimate for the Mean Secular Evolution Rate in Spiral Galaxies
• Cosmological simulations of Milky Way-sized galaxies
• Galaxy Outflows Without Supernovae
• The Identification of New Stellar Groupings in the M81 Debris Field
• Distinguishing `disks' from `mergers': tracing the kinematic asymmetries in local (U)LIRGs using `kinemetry'-based criteria
• HI Selected Galaxies in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey II: The Colors of Gas-Rich Galaxies
• Galactic disc profiles and a universal angular momentum distribution from statistical physics
• Deviations from the Schmidt-Kennicutt relations during early galaxy evolution
• Evolution of a dwarf satellite galaxy embedded in a scalar field dark matter halo
• Exponential Disks from Stellar Scattering: III. Stochastic Models
• The galaxy morphology-density relation in the EAGLE simulation
• Comparing galactic satellite properties in hydrodynamical and Nbody simulations
• A Local Leaky-box Model for the Local Stellar Surface Density - Gas Surface Density - Gas Phase Metallicity Relation
• Re-Examining Astrophysical Constraints on the Dark Matter Model
• Giant disk galaxies : Where environment trumps mass in galaxy evolution
• The Milky Way and Andromeda galaxies in a constrained hydrodynamical simulation: morphological evolution
• On the mass assembly of low-mass galaxies in hydrodynamical simulations of structure formation
• Luminosity bias: from haloes to galaxies
• Warm Gas in and Around Simulated Galaxy Clusters as Probed by Absorption Lines
• The In-situ Origins of Dwarf Stellar Outskirts in FIRE-2
• Detection of Satellite Remnants in the Galactic Halo with Gaia - II. A modified Great Circle Cell Method
• The SELGIFS data challenge: generating synthetic observations of CALIFA galaxies from hydrodynamical simulations
• A tiny host galaxy for the first giant black hole: $z=7.5$ quasar in BlueTides
• Effects of feedback on galaxies in the VELA simulations: elongation, clumps and compaction
• The signature of dissipation in the mass-size relation: are bulges simply spheroids wrapped in a disc?
• Galaxy Evolution: Modeling the Role of Non-thermal Pressure in the Interstellar medium
• Formation of S0s in extreme environments III: the role of environment in the formation pathways
• Astrophysical Implications of a Visible Dark Matter Sector from a Custodially Warped-GUT
• A search for disk-galaxy lenses in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey
• Radial Star Formation Histories in 32 Nearby Galaxies
• The Effects of X-Ray and UV Background Radiation on the Low-Mass Slope of the Galaxy Mass Function
• The Robustness of Cosmological Hydrodynamic Simulation Predictions to Changes in Numerics and Cooling Physics
• Galaxy evolution by color-log(n) type since redshift unity in the Hubble Ultra Deep Field
• Dynamical modelling and origin of gas turbulence in z $\sim$ 4.5 galaxies
• Evolution of stellar-gaseous disks in cosmological haloes
• Momentum and energy injection by a supernova remnant into an inhomogeneous medium
• The Origin of the Relation Between Stellar Angular Momentum and Stellar Mass in Nearby Disk-dominated galaxies
• Analytic and numerical realisations of a disk galaxy
• Two phase galaxy formation: The Evolutionary Properties of Galaxies
• The Effects of the Ionizing Radiation Background on Galaxy Evolution
• The luminosity function of diverse satellite galaxy systems
• The Properties of Bound and Unbound Molecular Cloud Populations Formed in Galactic Disc Simulations
• Mechanical feedback from stellar winds with an application to galaxy formation at high redshift
• The temperature of hot gas in galaxies and clusters: baryons dancing to the tune of dark matter
• When Should We Treat Galaxies as Isolated?
• The Stellar Disk of M81
• Disk galaxy scaling relations at intermediate redshifts - I. The Tully-Fisher and velocity-size relations
• Angular momentum evolution of stellar disks at high redshifts
• Gas Accretion and Angular Momentum
• Formation and evolution of dwarf galaxies in the CDM Universe
• MaNGA galaxies with off-centered spots of enhanced gas velocity dispersion
• The space density distribution of galaxies in the absolute magnitude - rotation velocity plane: a volume-complete Tully-Fisher relation from CALIFA stellar kinematics
• Angular momentum evolution of bulge stars in disc galaxies in NIHAO
• The tilting rate of the Milky Way's disc
• Angular momentum of disc galaxies with a lognormal density distribution
• The interaction of dark matter cusp with the baryon component in disk galaxies
• The detection of ultra-faint low surface brightness dwarf galaxies in the Virgo Cluster: a Probe of Dark Matter and Baryonic Physics
• X-ray Clusters of Galaxies as Cosmological Tools
• SAMI-HI: The HI view of the H$\alpha$ Tully-Fisher relation and data release
• The Challenge to MOND from ultra faint dwarf galaxies
• Modified Baryonic Dynamics: two-component cosmological simulations with light sterile neutrinos
• The Baltimore Oriole's Nest: Cool Winds from the Inner and Outer Parts of a Star-Forming Galaxy at z=1.3
• Effective viscosity from cloud-cloud collisions in three-dimensional global SPH simulations
• Properties of galaxies with an offset between the position angles of the major kinematic and photometric axes
• Constraining Warm Dark Matter with high-$z$ supernova lensing
• Emergence of Galactic Morphologies at Cosmic Dawn: Input from Numerical Modeling
• An observational testbed for cosmological zoom-in simulations: constraining stellar migration in the solar cylinder using asteroseismology
• Star Cluster Formation and Evolution in M101: An Investigation with the Legacy Extragalactic UV Survey
• Angular Momentum Evolution in Dark Matter Halos
• The Orbital Distribution of Satellite Galaxies
• The extended Planetary Nebula Spectrograph (ePN.S) early-type galaxy survey: The specific angular momentum of ETGs
• SDSS-IV MaNGA: Enhanced Star Formation in Galactic-scale Outflows
• NGC 765 - A disturbed H I giant
• DLA kinematics and outflows from starburst galaxies
• Multi-wavelength consensus of large-scale linear bias
• High accuracy power spectra including baryonic physics in dynamical Dark Energy models
• Hydrodynamical Adaptive Mesh Refinement Simulations of Disk Galaxies
• SED-inferred properties and morphology of Lyman-break galaxies at $z\sim 1$ in the CDF-S
• Are the double-mode bulge RR Lyrae stars with identical period-ratios the relic of a disrupted stellar system?
• Disk Galaxy Evolution Along the Hubble Sequence
• The fragility of thin discs in galaxies -- I. Building tailored N-body galaxy models
• The spin of late-type galaxies at redshifts z < 1.2
• Growth of Ex-situ Diffuse Intragroup Light in Simulated Galaxy Groups
• Low Energy INTEGRAL Positrons from eXciting Dark Matter
• Testing the Momentum-driven Supernova Feedback Paradigm in M31
• Intrinsic correlations of galaxy sizes in a hydrodynamical cosmological simulation
• The multi-wavelength Tully-Fisher relation in the TNG50 cosmological simulation
• Dynamical response to supernova-induced gas removal in spiral galaxies with dark matter halo
• The star-formation history of the Milky Way Galaxy
• The role of the Interstellar Medium in Galaxy Formation Simulations
• A Shallow Slope for the Stellar Mass--Angular Momentum Relation of Star-Forming Galaxies at $1.5<z<2.5$
• Environmental Effects in the Evolution of Galactic Bulges
• Using dust to constrain dark matter models
• On the Scaling Relations of Disk Galaxies
• The Chemical and Dynamical Evolution of Isolated Dwarf Galaxies
• Formation and evolution of disk galaxies
• High precision spectra at large redshift for dynamical DE cosmologies
• On the Size Evolution of a Galactic Disk in Hierarchical Merging of Cold Dark Matter Halos
• Numerical approaches to star formation and SuperNovae energy feedback in simulations of galaxy clusters
• CASCO: Cosmological and AStrophysical parameters from Cosmological simulations and Observations IV. Testing warm dark matter cosmologies with galaxy scaling relations: A joint simulation-observation study using DREAMS simulations
• A multiwavelength study of near- and mid-infrared selected galaxies at high redshift: ERGs, AGN-identification and the contribution from dust
• Supernovae and photoionizing feedback in spiral arm molecular clouds
• Effects of Supernova Feedback on the Formation of Galaxies
• Simulating realistic disk galaxies with a novel sub-resolution ISM model
• The Challenge of Modelling Galactic Disks
• Tracing the evolution of brightest galaxies and diffuse light in galaxy groups
• Numerical Study of Bar Suppression in Galaxy Models Due to Disc Heating