Escape fraction of ionizing photons during reionization: effects due to supernova feedback and runaway OB stars

Abstract

The fraction of hydrogen ionizing photons escaping from galaxies into the intergalactic medium is a critical ingredient in the theory of reionization. We use two zoomed-in, high-resolution (4 pc), cosmological radiation hydrodynamic simulations with adaptive mesh refinement to investigate the impact of two physical mechanisms (supernova feedback and runaway OB stars) on the escape fraction (f_esc) at the epoch of reionization (z>7). We implement a new, physically motivated supernova feedback model that can approximate the Sedov solutions at all (from the free expansion to snowplow) stages. We find that there is a significant time delay of about ten million years between the peak of star formation and that of escape fraction, due to the time required for the build-up and subsequent destruction of the star-forming cloud by supernova feedback. Consequently, the photon number-weighted mean escape fraction for dwarf galaxies in halos of mass 10^8-10^10.5 Msun is found to be <fesc>~11%, although instantaneous values of f_esc>20% are common when star formation is strongly modulated by the supernova explosions. We find that the inclusion of runaway OB stars increases the mean escape fraction by 22% to <fesc>~14%. As supernovae resulting from runaway OB stars tend to occur in less dense environments, the feedback effect is enhanced and star formation is further suppressed in halos with Mvir>10^9 Msun in the simulation with runaway OB stars compared with the model without them. While both our models produce enough ionizing photons to maintain a fully ionized universe at z>7 as observed, a still higher amount of ionizing photons at z>9 appears necessary to accommodate the high observed electron optical depth inferred from cosmic microwave background observations.

arXiv comment18 pages, 18 figures, 2 tables. Accepted for publication in ApJ

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• Wandering and escaping: recoiling massive black holes in cosmological simulations
• Supernovae from stellar mergers and accretors of binary mass transfer: Implications for Type IIP, 1987A-like and interacting supernovae
• Lyman Alpha Emitters and the 21cm Power Spectrum as Probes of Density-Ionization Correlation in the Epoch of Reionization
• The Lyman-alpha and Continuum Origins Survey. I. Survey description and Ly$\alpha$ imaging
• Probing Reionization-Era Galaxies with JWST UV Luminosity Functions and Large-Scale Clustering
• Where Did the Outskirts Go? Outer Stellar Haloes as a Sensitive Probe of Supernova Feedback
• Impact of star formation models on the growth of simulated galaxies at high redshifts
• Diverse Properties of Interstellar Medium Embedding Gamma-Ray Bursts at the Epoch of Reionization
• Dark Matter-Induced Baryonic Feedback in Galaxies
• Lyman continuum leakage versus quenching with the James Webb Space Telescope: The spectral signatures of quenched star formation activity in reionization-epoch galaxies
• Studying neutral hydrogen structures during the epoch of reionization using fractal dimensions
• The Importance of Dust Distribution in Ionizing-photon Escape: NIRCam and MIRI Imaging of a Lyman Continuum-emitting Galaxy at z ~ 3.8
• Inferring the Distribution of the Ionising Photon Escape Fraction
• Cosmic reflections I: the structural diversity of simulated and observed low-mass galaxy analogues
• NIHAO-RiNG: A Comparison of Simulated Disc Galaxies from GASOLINE and GIZMO
• Internal r-process abundance spread of M15 and a single stellar population model
• CEMPlifying reionization
• Tracking on-the-fly massive black hole binary evolution and coalescence in galaxy simulations: RAMCOAL
• Modelling the escape of Lyman Continuum photons from galaxies in the Epoch of Reionization
• The Role of Dust, UV Luminosity and Large-scale Environment on the Escape of Lya Photons: A Case Study of a Protocluster field at z = 3.1
• Spectral Signatures of Population III and Envelope-stripped Stars in Galaxies at the Epoch of Reionization
• An observational study of rotation and binarity of Galactic O-type runaway stars
• Upper Limit on Star Formation and Metal Enrichment in Minihalos
• Modelling LAEs in the Epoch of Reionization with OBELISK
• Constraint on Matter Power Spectrum on $10^6-10^9{M}_{\odot }$ Scales from ${\tau }_e$
• The JWST Emission Line Survey (JELS): The sizes and merger fraction of star-forming galaxies during the Epoch of Reionization
• The impact of cosmic ray feedback during the epoch of reionisation
• Physically motivated modeling of LyC escape fraction during reionization
• Star Formation for Predictive Primordial Galaxy Formation
• On the Origin of Intracluster Light based on the High-resolution Simulation, NewCluster
• The universality of the relation between magnetic fields and star formation in galaxies
• Power-law Emission-line Wings and Radiation-Driven Superwinds in Local Lyman Continuum Emitters
• ARCHITECTS I: Impact of subgrid physics on the simulated properties of the circumgalactic medium
• The haloes that reionized the Universe
• The importance of the way in which supernova energy is distributed around young stellar populations in simulations of galaxies
• Challenges and Techniques for Simulating Line Emission
• On the scale-height of the molecular gas disc in Milky Way-like galaxies
• The JWST early galaxy crisis resolved by a reionization degeneracy
• Modeling supernova feedback in galaxy formation simulations with energy-conserving momentum injection
• Evaluating star formation rates at z = 5
• Towards convergence of turbulent dynamo amplification in cosmological simulations of galaxies