A refined mass distribution of the cluster MACS J0416.1$-$2403 from a new large set of spectroscopic multiply lensed sources

Abstract

We report the spectroscopic confirmation of 22 new multiply lensed sources behind the Hubble Frontier Field (HFF) galaxy cluster MACS~J0416.1$-$2403 (MACS 0416), using archival data from the Multi Unit Spectroscopic Explorer (MUSE) on the VLT. Combining with previous spectroscopic measurements of 15 other multiply imaged sources, we obtain a sample of 102 secure multiple images with measured redshifts, the largest to date in a single strong lensing system. The newly confirmed sources are largely low-luminosity Lyman-$\alpha$ emitters with redshift in the range [3.08-6.15]. With such a large number of secure constraints, and a significantly improved sample of galaxy members in the cluster core, we have improved our previous strong lensing model and obtained a robust determination of the projected total mass distribution of MACS 0416. We find evidence of three cored dark-matter halos, adding to the known complexity of this merging system. The total mass density profile, as well as the sub-halo population, are found in good agreement with previous works. We update and make public the redshift catalog of MACS 0416 from our previous spectroscopic campaign with the new MUSE redshifts. We also release lensing maps (convergence, shear, magnification) in the standard HFF format.

20 pages, 8 figures, 4 tables, update to match the published A&A version, spectroscopic catalog publicly available at https://sites.google.com/site/vltclashpublic/data-release

References in corpus (21)

• A Bayesian approach to strong lensing modelling of galaxy clusters
• Escape fraction of ionizing photons during reionization: effects due to supernova feedback and runaway OB stars
• Combining Strong and Weak Gravitational Lensing in Abell 1689
• Hubble Space Telescope Combined Strong and Weak Lensing Analysis of the CLASH Sample: Mass and Magnification Models and Systematic Uncertainties
• CLASH: Weak-Lensing Shear-and-Magnification Analysis of 20 Galaxy Clusters
• Mass and magnification maps for the Hubble Space Telescope Frontier Fields clusters: implications for high redshift studies
• Lens models and magnification maps of the six Hubble Frontier Fields clusters
• Cosmological Constraints from Strong Gravitational Lensing in Galaxy Clusters
• The Halos of Satellite Galaxies: the Companion of the Massive Elliptical Lens SL2S J08544-0121
• CLASH-VLT: Insights on the mass substructures in the Frontier Fields Cluster MACS J0416.1-2403 through accurate strong lens modeling
• Hubble Frontier Fields : A High Precision Strong Lensing Analysis of Galaxy Cluster MACSJ0416.1-2403 using ~200 Multiple Images
• The ASTRODEEP Frontier Fields Catalogues: II - Photometric redshifts and rest-frame properties in Abell-2744 and MACS-J0416
• The systematics of strong lens modeling quantified: the effects of constraint selection and redshift information on magnification, mass, and multiple image predictability
• Hubble Frontier Fields: The Geometry and Dynamics of the Massive Galaxy Cluster Merger MACSJ0416.1-2403
• Lens Models Under the Microscope: Comparison of Hubble Frontier Field Cluster Magnification Maps
• Free Form Lensing Implications for the Collision of Dark Matter and Gas in the Frontier Fields Cluster MACSJ0416.1-2403
• Illuminating gas in-/outflows in the MUSE deepest fields: discovery of Ly-alpha nebulae around forming galaxies at z~3.3
• A Rigorous Free-form Lens Model of Abell 2744 to Meet the Hubble Frontier Fields Challenge
• A Free-Form Lensing Grid Solution for A1689 with New Mutiple Images
• Constraining the galaxy mass content in the core of A383 using velocity dispersion measurements for individual cluster members
• Numerical simulations challenged on the prediction of massive subhalo abundance in galaxy clusters: the case of Abell 2142

Cited by in corpus (106)

• Inferences on the Timeline of Reionization at z~8 From the KMOS Lens-Amplified Spectroscopic Survey
• An excess of small-scale gravitational lenses observed in galaxy clusters
• Strong lensing analysis of Abell 2744 with MUSE and Hubble Frontier Fields images
• Size--luminosity relations and UV luminosity functions at $z=6-9$ simultaneously derived from the complete Hubble Frontier Fields data
• Evolution of the galaxy stellar mass functions and UV luminosity functions at $z=6-9$ in the Hubble Frontier Fields
• An Atlas of MUSE Observations towards Twelve Massive Lensing Clusters
• Intracluster light: a luminous tracer for dark matter in clusters of galaxies
• Massive Star cluster formation under the microscope at z=6
• Ionising the Intergalactic Medium by Star Clusters: The first empirical evidence
• Measuring the value of the Hubble constant "à la Refsdal"
• On the observability of individual Population III stars and their stellar-mass black hole accretion disks through cluster caustic transits
• High star cluster formation efficiency in the strongly lensed Sunburst Lyman-continuum galaxy at z=2.37
• Strong lensing models of eight CLASH clusters from extensive spectroscopy: accurate total mass reconstructions in the cores
• HFF-DeepSpace Photometric Catalogs of the Twelve Hubble Frontier Fields, Clusters and Parallels: Photometry, Photometric Redshifts, and Stellar Masses
• Enhanced cluster lensing models with measured galaxy kinematics
• Probing Cosmic Dawn : Ages and Star Formation Histories of Candidate $z\ge$9 Galaxies
• Mass distribution in the core of MACS J1206: robust modeling from an exceptionally large sample of central multiple images
• The MUSE Deep Lensed Field on the Hubble Frontier Field MACS~J0416
• The GLASS-JWST Early Release Science Program. III. Strong lensing model of Abell 2744 and its infalling regions
• New high-precision strong lensing modeling of Abell 2744. Preparing for JWST observations
• Exploring the physical properties of lensed star-forming clumps at $2\lesssim z\lesssim 6$
• Searching for Highly Magnified Stars at Cosmological Distances: Discovery of a Redshift 0.94 Blue Supergiant in Archival Images of the Galaxy Cluster MACS J0416.1-2403
• UV Spectral-Slopes at $z=6-9$ in the Hubble Frontier Fields: Lack of Evidence for Unusual or Pop III Stellar Populations
• Highly Magnified Stars in Lensing Clusters: New Evidence in a Galaxy Lensed by MACS J0416.1-2403
• The production of ionizing photons in UV-faint z~3-7 galaxies
• Candidate Population III stellar complex at z=6.629 in the MUSE Deep Lensed Field
• A new high-precision strong lensing model of the galaxy cluster MACS J0416.1-2403
• Kinematics, Turbulence and Star Formation of z ~1 Strongly Lensed Galaxies seen with MUSE
• Dissection of the collisional and collisionless mass components in a mini sample of CLASH and HFF massive galaxy clusters at $z\approx 0.4$
• Sizes of Lensed Lower-luminosity z=4-8 Galaxies from the Hubble Frontier Field Program
• MACS J0416.1-2403: Impact of line-of-sight structures on strong gravitational lensing modelling of galaxy clusters
• CLASH-VLT: Abell~S1063. Cluster assembly history and spectroscopic catalogue
• Spectroscopically Confirmed Lyman-Alpha Emitters from Redshift 5 to 7 Behind Ten Galaxy Cluster Lenses
• The KLEVER survey: Nitrogen abundances at $z\sim$2 and probing the existence of a fundamental nitrogen relation
• JWST's PEARLS: Mothra, a new kaiju star at z=2.091 extremely magnified by MACS0416, and implications for dark matter models
• The probability of galaxy-galaxy strong lensing events in hydrodynamical simulations of galaxy clusters
• First JWST observations of a gravitational lens: Mass model from new multiple images with near-infrared observations of SMACS J0723.3-7327
• Galaxy cluster strong lensing cosmography: cosmological constraints from a sample of regular galaxy clusters
• A state-of-the-art strong lensing model of MACS J0416.1-2403 with the largest sample of spectroscopic multiple images
• The core of the massive cluster merger MACS J0417.5-1154 as seen by VLT/MUSE
• Galaxy pre-processing in substructures around z$\sim$0.4 galaxy clusters
• Inside a Beehive: the Multiple Merging Processes in the Galaxy Cluster Abell 2142
• An Evaluation of 10 Lensing Models of the Frontier Fields Cluster MACSJ0416.1-2403
• Mass profile decomposition of the Frontier Fields cluster MACS J0416-02403. Insights on the Dark-Matter inner profile
• The Relationship Between Brightest Cluster Galaxy Star Formation and the Intracluster Medium in CLASH
• The search for galaxy cluster members with deep learning of panchromatic HST imaging and extensive spectroscopy
• Joining X-ray to lensing: an accurate combined analysis of MACS J0416.1$-$2403
• The shape of galaxy dark matter halos in massive galaxy clusters: Insights from strong gravitational lensing
• Anatomy of a z=6 Lyman-α emitter down to parsec scales: extreme UV slopes, metal-poor regions and possibly leaking star clusters
• The Strongest Cluster Lenses: An Analysis of the Relation Between Strong Gravitational Lensing Strength and the Physical Properties of Galaxy Clusters
• X-ray analysis of JWST's first galaxy cluster lens SMACS J0723.3-7327
• Total mass density slopes of early-type galaxies using Jeans dynamical modelling at redshifts $0.29<z<0.55$
• The size-luminosity relation of lensed galaxies at $z=6-9$ in the Hubble Frontier Fields
• Systematic vs. Statistical Uncertainties in Masses and Magnifications of the Hubble Frontier Fields
• From the core to the outskirts: structure analysis of three massive galaxy clusters
• Constraints on the [CII] luminosity of a proto-globular cluster at z~6 obtained with ALMA
• The ALMA Frontier Fields Survey - IV. Lensing-corrected 1.1 mm number counts in Abell 2744, MACSJ0416.1-2403 and MACSJ1149.5+2223
• Galaxy cluster cores as seen with VLT/MUSE: new strong-lensing analyses of RX J2129.4+0009, MS 0451.6-0305 & MACSJ2129.4-0741
• Probability of magnification in the $\text{Hubble Frontier Fields}$ clusters
• New strong lensing modelling of SDSS J2222+2745 enhanced with VLT/MUSE spectroscopy
• A MUSE view of the massive merging galaxy cluster ACT-CL J0102-4915 (El Gordo) at z = 0.87: robust strong lensing model and data release
• A model-independent characterisation of strong gravitational lensing by observables
• JWST's PEARLS: 119 multiply imaged galaxies behind MACS0416, lensing properties of caustic crossing galaxies, and the relation between halo mass and number of globular clusters at $z=0.4$
• Magnification Bias of Distant Galaxies in the Hubble Frontier Fields: Testing Wave vs. Particle Dark Matter Predictions
• Constraining the multi-scale dark-matter distribution in CASSOWARY 31 with strong gravitational lensing and stellar dynamics
• EasyCritics I: Efficient detection of strongly-lensing galaxy groups and clusters in wide-field surveys
• Exploring Effects on Magnifications due to Line-of-Sight Galaxies in the Hubble Frontier Fields
• Image simulations for gravitational lensing with SkyLens
• Model-independent and model-based local lensing properties of CL0024+1654 from multiply-imaged galaxies
• Hamilton's Object -- a clumpy galaxy straddling the gravitational caustic of a galaxy cluster : Constraints on dark matter clumping
• The VLA Frontier Fields Survey: Deep, High-resolution Radio Imaging of the MACS Lensing Clusters at 3 and 6 GHz
• CANUCS: Constraining the MACS J0416.1-2403 Strong Lensing Model with JWST NIRISS, NIRSpec and NIRCam
• SHARDS Frontier Fields: Physical properties of a low mass Lyman-alpha emitter at z=5.75
• Exploring the low-mass regime of galaxy-scale strong lensing: Insights into the mass structure of cluster galaxies
• Hubble Frontier Field Clusters and their Parallel Fields: Photometric and Photometric Redshift Catalogs
• The Kormendy relation of early-type galaxies as a function of wavelength in Abell S1063, MACS J0416.1-2403, and MACS J1149.5+2223
• The ALMA Frontier Fields survey V: ALMA Stacking of Lyman-Break Galaxies in Abell 2744, Abell 370, Abell S1063, MACSJ0416.1-2403 and MACSJ1149.5+2223
• Early results from GLASS-JWST. XX: Unveiling a population of "red-excess'' galaxies in Abell2744 and in the coeval field
• MIFAL: fully automated Multiple-Image Finder ALgorithm for strong-lens modelling -- proof of concept
• An accurate strong lensing model of the Abell 2163 core
• Improved model of the Supernova Refsdal cluster MACS J1149.5+2223 thanks to VLT/MUSE
• AStroLens: Automatic Strong-Lens Modeling of X-ray Selected Galaxy Clusters
• The Grism Lens-Amplified Survey from Space (GLASS). XIII. G800L optical spectra from the parallel fields
• The Grism Lens-Amplified Survey from Space (GLASS). XII. Spatially Resolved Galaxy Star Formation Histories and True Evolutionary Paths at z > 1
• VST-GAME: Galaxy Assembly as a function of Mass and Environment with VST. Photometric assessment and density field of MACSJ0416
• Unveiling the Universe with Emerging Cosmological Probes
• The ALMA Frontier Fields Survey. VI. Lensing-corrected 1.1mm number counts in Abell 2744, MACSJ0416.1-2403, MACSJ1149.5+2223, Abell 370 and Abell S1063
• Setting the scene for BUFFALO: A study of the matter distribution in the HFF galaxy cluster MACS J0416.1-2403 and its parallel field
• BUFFALO Wild Wings: A High Precision Free-Form Lens Model of MACSJ0416 with Constraints on Dark Matter from Substructure and Highly Magnified Arcs
• Exotic Image Formation in Strong Gravitational Lensing by Clusters of Galaxies. I: Cross-Section
• The Hawaii SCUBA-2 Lensing Cluster Survey: Are Low-luminosity Submillimeter Galaxies Detected in the Rest-frame UV?
• Cluster Strong Lensing with Hierarchical Inference
• Galaxy cluster virial quantities from extrapolating strong lensing mass profiles
• New Cold Dark Matter Crisis Revealed by Multiscale Cluster Lensing
• Source REconstruction of Arcs behind Cluster Halos (SourceREACH): A New Source Reconstruction Algorithm Optimized for Giant Arcs and Galaxy Cluster Lenses
• Constraints from the Giant Arc in Abell 370. A New Framework for Understanding Systematic Errors in Cluster Lens Modeling. IV. Constraints from the Giant Arc in Abell 370
• Magellanic System Stars Identified in SMACS J0723.3-7327 James Webb Space Telescope Early Release Observations Images
• Systematic search for lensed X-ray sources in the CLASH fields
• A strong lensing model of the galaxy cluster PSZ1 G311.65-18.48
• Exotic Image Formation in Strong Gravitational Lensing by Clusters of Galaxies -- III: Statistics with HUDF
• Galaxies at the edges: a complete census of MACS J0416.1-2403 cluster
• Hamilton's Object Revisited: A challenging source redshift of a strong lensing configuration
• Constraining the Nature of Dark Matter from Tidal Radii of Cluster Galaxy Subhalos
• The velocity dispersion function of red galaxies in four Hubble Frontier Fields galaxy clusters
• Core Mass Estimates in Strong Lensing Galaxy Clusters: a Comparison Between Masses Obtained from Detailed Lens Models, Single-Halo Lens Models, and Einstein Radii
• Magnification bias reveals severe contamination in Hubble Frontier Field photo-z catalogs