JWST's PEARLS: 119 multiply imaged galaxies behind MACS0416, lensing properties of caustic crossing galaxies, and the relation between halo mass and number of globular clusters at $z=0.4$

Abstract

We present a new lens model for the $z=0.396$ galaxy cluster MACS J0416.1$-$2403 based on a previously known set of 77 spectroscopically confirmed, multiply imaged galaxies plus an additional set of 42 candidate multiply imaged galaxies from past HST and new JWST data. The new galaxies lack spectroscopic redshifts but have geometric and/or photometric redshift estimates that are presented here. The new model predicts magnifications and time delays for all multiple images. The full set of constraints totals 343, constituting the largest sample of multiple images lensed by a single cluster to date. Caustic-crossing galaxies lensed by this cluster are especially interesting. Some of these galaxies show transient events, most of which are interpreted as micro-lensing of stars at cosmological distances. These caustic-crossing arcs are expected to show similar events in future, deeper JWST observations. We provide time delay and magnification models for all these arcs. The time delays and the magnifications for different arcs are generally anti-correlated, as expected from $N$-body simulations. In the major sub-halos of the cluster, the dark-matter mass from our lens model correlates well with the observed number of globular clusters. This confirms earlier results, derived at lower redshifts, which suggest that globular clusters can be used as powerful mass proxies for the halo masses when lensing constraints are scarce or not available.

arXiv comment21 pages and 11 figures. Accepted for publication in A&A

References in corpus (65)

• Astropy: A Community Python Package for Astronomy
• A Universal Density Profile from Hierarchical Clustering
• Binary companions of evolved stars in APOGEE DR14: Search method and catalog of ~5,000 companions
• EAZY: A Fast, Public Photometric Redshift Code
• First results from the IllustrisTNG simulations: the stellar mass content of groups and clusters of galaxies
• Effects of Galaxy Formation on Thermodynamics of the Intracluster Medium
• Analytical Models For Galactic Nuclei
• The Frontier Fields: Survey Design
• MACS: A quest for the most massive galaxy clusters in the universe
• Strong Lensing Analysis of A1689 from Deep Advanced Camera Images
• Full-Data Results of Hubble Frontier Fields: UV Luminosity Functions at $z\sim 6-10$ and a Consistent Picture of Cosmic Reionization
• X-ray/optical classification of cluster mergers and the evolution of the cluster merger fraction
• The Frontier Fields Lens Modeling Comparison Project
• Lens models and magnification maps of the six Hubble Frontier Fields clusters
• CLASH: The enhanced lensing efficiency of the highly elongated merging cluster MACS J0416.1-2403
• Precise Strong Lensing Mass Modeling of Four Hubble Frontier Fields Clusters and a Sample of Magnified High-Redshift Galaxies
• ProFound: Source Extraction and Application to Modern Survey Data
• JWST's PEARLS: Prime Extragalactic Areas for Reionization and Lensing Science: Project Overview and First Results
• New redshift z ~ 9 galaxies in the Hubble Frontier Fields: Implications for early evolution of the UV luminosity density
• Galactic Dark Matter Halos and Globular Cluster Populations. III: Extension to Extreme Environments
• Gravitational Lens Statistics for Generalized NFW Profiles: Parameter Degeneracy and Implications for Self-Interacting Cold Dark Matter
• CLASH-VLT: A Highly Precise Strong Lensing Model of the Galaxy Cluster RXC J2248.7-4431 (Abell S1063) and Prospects for Cosmography
• An Atlas of MUSE Observations towards Twelve Massive Lensing Clusters
• First Frontier Field Constraints on the Cosmic Star-Formation Rate Density at z~10 - The Impact of Lensing Shear on Completeness of High-Redshift Galaxy Samples
• Hubble Frontier Fields : A High Precision Strong Lensing Analysis of Galaxy Cluster MACSJ0416.1-2403 using ~200 Multiple Images
• Globular Clusters in 19 Northern Abell Clusters
• A Highly Magnified Star at Redshift 6.2
• Combined reconstruction of weak and strong lensing data with WSLAP
• A refined mass distribution of the cluster MACS J0416.1$-$2403 from a new large set of spectroscopic multiply lensed sources
• Non-parametric inversion of strong lensing systems
• Dark matter under the microscope: Constraining compact dark matter with caustic crossing events
• Lens Modeling Abell 370: Crowning the Final Frontier Field with MUSE
• ProFit: Bayesian Profile Fitting of Galaxy Images
• The effect of baryons on the inner density profiles of rich clusters
• High-Precision Dark Halo Virial Masses from Globular Cluster Numbers: Implications for Globular Cluster Formation and Galaxy Assembly
• Spectral Templates Optimal for Selecting Galaxies at z > 8 with JWST
• A Brightest Cluster Galaxy with an Extremely Large Flat Core
• Hubble Frontier Fields: The Geometry and Dynamics of the Massive Galaxy Cluster Merger MACSJ0416.1-2403
• The MUSE Deep Lensed Field on the Hubble Frontier Field MACS~J0416
• A Free-Form Prediction for the Reappearance of Supernova Refsdal in the Hubble Frontier Fields Cluster MACSJ1149.5+2223
• The intra-cluster light as a tracer of the total matter density distribution: a view from simulations
• The Rich Globular Cluster System of Abell 1689 and the Radial Dependence of the Globular Cluster Formation Efficiency
• Free Form Lensing Implications for the Collision of Dark Matter and Gas in the Frontier Fields Cluster MACSJ0416.1-2403
• Searching for Highly Magnified Stars at Cosmological Distances: Discovery of a Redshift 0.94 Blue Supergiant in Archival Images of the Galaxy Cluster MACS J0416.1-2403
• Highly Magnified Stars in Lensing Clusters: New Evidence in a Galaxy Lensed by MACS J0416.1-2403
• Two lensed star candidates at $z\simeq 4.8$ behind the galaxy cluster MACS J0647.7+7015
• JWST's PEARLS: a new lens model for ACT-CL J0102$-$4915, "EL Gordo'', and the first red supergiant star at cosmological distances discovered by JWST
• Enabling Non-Parametric Strong Lensing Models to Derive Reliable Cluster Mass Distributions. WSLAP+
• The Grism Lens-Amplified Survey from Space (GLASS). VI. Comparing the Mass and Light in MACSJ0416.1-2403 using Frontier Field imaging and GLASS spectroscopy
• A Free-Form mass model of the Hubble Frontier Fields Cluster AS1063 (RXC J2248.7-4431) with over one hundred constraints
• A free-form lensing model of A370 revealing stellar mass dominated BCGs, in Hubble Frontier Fields images
• JWST's PEARLS: Mothra, a new kaiju star at z=2.091 extremely magnified by MACS0416, and implications for dark matter models
• A new era of intracluster light studies with JWST
• A state-of-the-art strong lensing model of MACS J0416.1-2403 with the largest sample of spectroscopic multiple images
• On the correlation between dark matter, intracluster light and globular cluster distribution in SMACS0723
• Globular cluster numbers in dark matter haloes in a dual formation scenario: an empirical model within EMERGE
• Detection of Intracluster Globular Clusters in the First JWST Images of the Gravitational Lens Cluster SMACS J0723.3-7327 at z = 0.39
• On the Red Supergiant Wind Kink. A Universal mass-loss concept for massive stars
• What Are Those Tiny Things? A First Study of Compact Star Clusters in the SMACS0723 Field with JWST
• A MUSE view of the massive merging galaxy cluster ACT-CL J0102-4915 (El Gordo) at z = 0.87: robust strong lensing model and data release
• Free-form lens model and mass estimation of the high redshift galaxy cluster ACT-CL J0102-4915, "El Gordo"
• Imaging dark matter at the smallest scales with $z\approx 1$ lensed stars
• Statistical Microlensing Toward Magnified High-Redshift Star Clusters
• Investigating the $M_{GCS}-M_h$ Relation in the Most Massive Galaxies
• A search for transients in the Reionization Lensing Cluster Survey (RELICS): Three new supernovae

Cited by in corpus (12)

• Imaging dark matter at the smallest scales with $z\approx 1$ lensed stars
• CANUCS: Constraining the MACS J0416.1-2403 Strong Lensing Model with JWST NIRISS, NIRSpec and NIRCam
• Intracluster light is a biased tracer of the dark matter distribution in clusters
• Microlensing at Cosmological Distances: Event Rate Predictions in the Warhol Arc of MACS 0416
• BUFFALO Wild Wings: A High Precision Free-Form Lens Model of MACSJ0416 with Constraints on Dark Matter from Substructure and Highly Magnified Arcs
• Enhanced strong-lensing model of MACS~J0138.0$-$2155 based on new JWST and VLT/MUSE observations
• Mapping dark matter in the Bullet Cluster using JWST imaging and spectroscopy
• A tight relation between the distribution of globular clusters and dark matter in AS1063
• Transient star B/R ratio and star formation in $z\gtrsim 1$ lensed galaxies
• Galaxies at the edges: a complete census of MACS J0416.1-2403 cluster
• Intracluster globular clusters as tracers of the mass assembly of the Hydra I galaxy cluster
• Lensed stars in galaxy-galaxy strong lensing -- a JWST prediction for the Cosmic Horseshoe