Radiative properties of the first galaxies: rapid transition between blue and red

Abstract

Recent observations have successfully detected UV-bright and infrared-bright galaxies in the epoch of reionization. However, the origin of their radiative properties has not been understood yet. Combining cosmological hydrodynamic simulations and radiative transfer calculations, we present predictions of multi-wavelength radiative properties of the first galaxies at $z\sim 6-15$. Using zoom-in initial conditions, we investigate three massive galaxies and their satellites in different environment and halo masses: $M_{\mathrm{h}}=2.4\times 10^{10}{\mathrm{M}}_{\odot }$ (Halo-10), $1.6\times 10^{11}{\mathrm{M}}_{\odot }$ (Halo-11) and $0.7\times 10^{12}{\mathrm{M}}_{\odot }$ (Halo-12) at $z=6$. We find that most of gas and dust are ejected from star-forming regions by supernova feedback, which allows UV photons to escape. We show that the peak of the spectral energy distribution (SED) rapidly changes between UV and infrared wavelengths on a time-scale of $\sim$\,100\,Myrs due to intermittent star formation and feedback, and the escape fraction of UV photons fluctuates in the range of $0.2-0.8$ at $z<10$ with a time-averaged value of 0.3. When dusty gas covers the star-forming regions, the galaxies become bright in the observed-frame sub-millimeter wavelengths. We predict the detectability of high-$z$ galaxies with the Atacama Large Millimeter Array (ALMA). For a sensitivity limit of $0.1\mathrm{mJy}$ at $850\mu \mathrm{m}$, the detection probability of galaxies in halos $M_{\mathrm{h}}\gtrsim 10^{11}{\mathrm{M}}_{\odot }$ at $z\lesssim 7$ exceeds fifty per cent. We argue that supernova feedback can produce the observed diversity of SEDs for high-$z$ galaxies.

arXiv comment14 pages, 14 figures; submitted to MNRAS

References in corpus (135)

• Galactic Stellar and Substellar Initial Mass Function
• Star Formation in Galaxies Along the Hubble Sequence
• The cosmological simulation code GADGET-2
• The Dust Content and Opacity of Actively Star-Forming Galaxies
• The EAGLE project: Simulating the evolution and assembly of galaxies and their environments
• Populating a cluster of galaxies - I. Results at z=0
• Dust Grain Size Distributions and Extinction in the Milky Way, LMC, and SMC
• Cosmological SPH simulations: A hybrid multi-phase model for star formation
• The Formation of Galactic Disks
• First results from the IllustrisTNG simulations: the stellar mass content of groups and clusters of galaxies
• The EAGLE simulations of galaxy formation: calibration of subgrid physics and model variations
• Galaxies on FIRE (Feedback In Realistic Environments): Stellar Feedback Explains Cosmologically Inefficient Star Formation
• Rest-Frame Ultraviolet Spectra of z~3 Lyman Break Galaxies
• UV Luminosity Functions at redshifts z~4 to z~10: 10000 Galaxies from HST Legacy Fields
• A Redshift Survey of the Submillimeter Galaxy Population
• Dust Absorption And The Ultraviolet Luminosity Density At z \approx 3 As Calibrated By Local Starburst Galaxies
• Dust Masses, PAH Abundances, and Starlight Intensities in the SINGS Galaxy Sample
• An excursion set model of hierarchical clustering: Ellipsoidal collapse and the moving barrier
• A Study of the Gas-Star Formation Relation over Cosmic Time
• PHIBSS: molecular gas content and scaling relations in z~1-3 normal star forming galaxies
• The physics driving the cosmic star formation history
• The Evolution of the Galaxy Rest-Frame Ultraviolet Luminosity Function Over the First Two Billion Years
• Lyman Break Galaxies at Redshift z~3: Survey Description and Full Data Set
• Statistics of 207 Lya Emitters at a Redshift Near 7: Constraints on Reionization and Galaxy Formation Models
• On the relation between the Schmidt and Kennicutt-Schmidt star formation laws and its implications for numerical simulations
• A Dust-Obscured Massive Maximum-Starburst Galaxy at a Redshift of 6.34
• Dust Formation in Primordial Type II Supernovae
• Simulating galactic outflows with thermal supernova feedback
• A Remarkably Luminous Galaxy at z=11.1 Measured with Hubble Space Telescope Grism Spectroscopy
• The Interstellar Medium In Galaxies Seen A Billion Years After The Big Bang
• The Birth of a Galaxy: Primordial Metal Enrichment and Stellar Populations
• Spectroscopy of Lyman Break Galaxies in the Hubble Deep Field
• Lyman Continuum Emission from Galaxies at z~3.4
• The End of the Reionization Epoch Probed by Ly-alpha Emitters at z=6.5 in the Subaru Deep Field
• A new multi-field determination of the galaxy luminosity function at z=7-9 incorporating the 2012 Hubble Ultra Deep Field imaging
• A dusty, normal galaxy in the epoch of reionization
• Spectroscopic Confirmation of Three z-Dropout Galaxies at z = 6.844 - 7.213: Demographics of Lyman-Alpha Emission in z ~ 7 Galaxies
• Escape fraction of ionizing photons during reionization: effects due to supernova feedback and runaway OB stars
• Ly-alpha Emission-Line Galaxies at z = 3.1 in the Extended Chandra Deep Field South
• SHARC-2 350 Micron Observations of Distant Submillimeter Selected Galaxies
• Dust in the reionization era: ALMA observations of a $z$=8.38 Galaxy
• Fragmentation of star-forming clouds enriched with the first dust
• Ly Alpha Emitters at z=5.7 in the Subaru Deep Field
• Large Area Survey for z=7 Galaxies in SDF and GOODS-N: Implications for Galaxy Formation and Cosmic Reionization
• Lyman continuum leaking from the compact star-forming dwarf galaxy J0925+1403
• Evolution of Dust in Primordial Supernova Remnants: Can Dust Grains Formed in the Ejecta Survive and be Injected into the Early Interstellar Medium?
• ALMA Spectroscopic Survey in the Hubble Ultra Deep Field: The Infrared Excess of UV-selected z=2-10 galaxies as a function of UV-continuum Slope and Stellar Mass
• Breathing FIRE: How Stellar Feedback Drives Radial Migration, Rapid Size Fluctuations, and Population Gradients in Low-Mass Galaxies
• A supernova origin for dust in a high-redshift quasar
• A Rapidly Star-forming Galaxy 700 Million Years After the Big Bang at z=7.51
• Effects of Supernova Feedback on the Formation of Galaxy Disks
• Unleashing Positive Feedback: Linking the Rates of Star Formation, Supermassive Black Hole Accretion and Outflows in Distant Galaxies
• Subaru Deep Survey II. Luminosity Functions and Clustering Properties of Lya Emitters at z=4.86 in the Subaru Deep Field
• Galaxy growth in a massive halo in the first billion years of cosmic history
• The First Galaxies: Assembly, Cooling and the Onset of Turbulence
• Fluctuating feedback-regulated escape fraction of ionizing radiation in low-mass, high-redshift galaxies
• Detection of an oxygen emission line from a high redshift galaxy in the reionization epoch
• Dust formation history of galaxies: a critical role of metallicity for the dust mass growth by accreting materials in the interstellar medium
• Detection of the Far-infrared [O III] and Dust Emission in a Galaxy at Redshift 8.312: Early Metal Enrichment in the Heart of the Reionization Era
• Galactic Angular Momentum in the Illustris Simulation: Feedback and the Hubble Sequence
• The First Billion Years Project: The escape fraction of ionizing photons in the epoch of reionization
• The Luminosity Function of Lyman Alpha Emitters at Redshift z~5.7
• Great Optically Luminous Dropout Research Using Subaru HSC (GOLDRUSH). I. UV Luminosity Functions at $z\sim 4-7$ Derived with the Half-Million Dropouts on the 100 deg${}^2$ Sky
• Escape fraction of ionizing photons from high-redshift galaxies in cosmological SPH simulations
• A Local Clue to the Reionization of the Universe
• Hubble imaging of the ionizing radiation from a star-forming galaxy at z=3.2 with fesc>50%
• Simulating galaxies in the reionization era with FIRE-2: galaxy scaling relations, stellar mass functions, and luminosity functions
• The First Billion Years project - III: The impact of stellar radiation on the coevolution of Populations II and III
• An extreme [OIII] emitter at $z=3.2$: a low metallicity Lyman continuum source
• Detections of Lyman Continuum from Star-forming Galaxies at z~3 Through Subaru/Suprime-Cam Narrow-band Imaging
• Escape of Lyman continuum radiation from local galaxies - Detection of leakage from the young starburst Tol 1247-232
• Size--luminosity relations and UV luminosity functions at $z=6-9$ simultaneously derived from the complete Hubble Frontier Fields data
• New Constraints on the Lyman Continuum Escape Fraction at z~1.3
• Evolution of Dust Temperature of Galaxies through Cosmic Time as seen by Herschel
• The Difficulty of Getting High Escape Fractions of Ionizing Photons from High-redshift Galaxies: a View from the FIRE Cosmological Simulations
• The First Systematic Survey for Lyman Alpha Emitters at z=7.3 with Red-sensitive Subaru/Suprime-Cam
• Binary Stars Can Provide the "Missing Photons" Needed for Reionization
• On The Detection Of Ionizing Radiation Arising From Star-Forming Galaxies At Redshift z ~ 3-4 : Looking For Analogs Of "Stellar Reionizers"
• Galaxy Simulation with Dust Formation and Destruction
• Angular Momentum and Galaxy Formation Revisited: Effects of Variable Mass-to-light Ratios
• Spectroscopic Properties of the z=4.5 Lyman-alpha Emitters
• Dust attenuation, dust emission, and dust temperature in galaxies at z>=5: a view from the FIRE-2 simulations
• Dusty galaxies in the Epoch of Reionization: simulations
• A Theory for the Variation of Dust Attenuation Laws in Galaxies
• The interplay between chemical and mechanical feedback from the first generation of stars
• The VANDELS survey: the stellar metallicities of star-forming galaxies at 2.5 < z < 5.0
• Simulating galactic dust grain evolution on a moving mesh
• Are high redshift Galaxies hot? - Temperature of z > 5 Galaxies and Implications on their Dust Properties
• Bulges versus disks: the evolution of angular momentum in cosmological simulations of galaxy formation
• Cosmological simulation with dust formation and destruction
• The AzTEC/SMA Interferometric Imaging Survey of Submillimeter-Selected High-Redshift Galaxies
• A High-Resolution Hubble Space Telescope Study of Apparent Lyman Continuum Leakers at $z\sim 3$
• The First Billion Years project - IV: Proto-galaxies reionising the Universe
• Reducing low signal-to-noise FUSE spectra: confirmation of Lyman continuum escape from Haro 11
• Effects of grain size distribution on the interstellar dust mass growth
• Formation of Globular Cluster Candidates in Merging Proto-galaxies at High Redshift: A View from the FIRE Cosmological Simulations
• Star Formation in the First Galaxies I: Collapse Delayed by Lyman-Werner Radiation
• Peering through the holes: the far UV color of star-forming galaxies at z~3-4 and the escaping fraction of ionizing radiation
• Obscured star-formation in bright z ~ 7 Lyman-break galaxies
• A Common Origin for Globular Clusters and Ultra-faint Dwarfs in Simulations of the First Galaxies
• Simulating galaxies in the reionization era with FIRE-2: morphologies and sizes
• The First Billion Years project: constraining the dust attenuation law of star-forming galaxies at z $\simeq$ 5
• Steep Faint-end Slopes of Galaxy Mass and Luminosity Functions at z>=6 and the Implications for Reionisation
• Dust scaling relations in a cosmological simulation
• Escape of Lyman-alpha and continuum photons from star-forming galaxies
• Modeling the Dust Properties of z ~ 6 Quasars with ART^2 -- All-wavelength Radiative Transfer with Adaptive Refinement Tree
• A critical analysis of the UV Luminosity Function at redshift~7 from deep WFC3 data
• The Lyman Continuum Escape Fraction of The Cosmic Horseshoe: A Test of Indirect Estimates
• An Analysis of ALMA Deep Fields and the Perceived Dearth of High-z Galaxies
• Evolution of dust extinction curves in galaxy simulation
• Duty Cycle and the Increasing Star Formation History of z>=6 Galaxies
• Effect of radiative transfer on damped Lyman-alpha and Lyman limit systems in cosmological SPH simulations
• The specific star formation rate of high redshift galaxies: the case for two modes of star formation
• Supernova dust formation and the grain growth in the early universe: The critical metallicity for low-mass star formation
• The VANDELS survey: Dust attenuation in star-forming galaxies at $\mathbf{z}=3-4$
• Low-mass star formation triggered by early supernova explosions
• Observational Properties of Simulated Galaxies in Overdense and Average Regions at High Redshifts z= 6-12
• 350 Micron Observations of Ultraluminous Infrared Galaxies at Intermediate Redshifts
• Growth of First Galaxies: Impacts of Star Formation and Stellar Feedback
• The Photometric Properties of Galaxies in the Early Universe
• Expected Sub-mm Emission and Dust Properties of Lyman Break Galaxies at High Redshift
• Reproducing cosmic evolution of galaxy population from $z=4$ to $0$
• Quasar Sightline and Galaxy Evolution (QSAGE) Survey - I. The Galaxy Environment of OVI Absorbers up to z=1.4 around PKS 0232-04
• Searching for candidates of Lyman continuum sources - revisiting the SSA22 field
• Modelling of Lyman-alpha Emitting Galaxies and Ionized Bubbles at the Era of Reionization
• Thermal instability and multi-phase interstellar medium in the first galaxies
• Detectability of [CII] 158 micron emission from high-redshift galaxies: predictions for ALMA and SPICA
• Dust properties of Lyman break galaxies in cosmological simulations
• Comparison of cosmological simulations and deep submillimetre galaxy surveys
• Extrapolating the Evolution of Galaxy Sizes to the Epoch of Reionization
• Dusty Gas Accretion onto Massive Black Holes and Infrared Diagnosis of the Eddington Ratio
• The First Billion Years project: dark matter haloes going from contraction to expansion and back again
• Cold accretion in early galaxy formation and its Lyman-alpha signatures
• Gas clump formation via thermal instability in high-redshift dwarf galaxy mergers
• First Light II: Emission Line Extinction, Population III Stars, and X-ray Binaries

Cited by in corpus (26)

• ALMA uncovers the [CII] emission and warm dust continuum in a z = 8.31 Lyman break galaxy
• First Identification of 10-kpc Scale [CII] 158um Halos around Star-Forming Galaxies at z=5-7
• The ALMA REBELS Survey. Epoch of Reionization giants: properties of dusty galaxies at $z\approx 7$
• Probing Cosmic Dawn with Emission Lines: Predicting Infrared and Nebular Line Emission for ALMA and JWST
• Warm dust in high-z galaxies: origin and implications
• Starbursting [O III] emitters and quiescent [C II] emitters in the reionization era
• Deep ALMA redshift search of a z~12 GLASS-JWST galaxy candidate
• Outflows and extended [CII] halos in high redshift galaxies
• Predicting FIR lines from simulated galaxies
• The UV-brightest Lyman continuum emitting star-forming galaxy
• FOREVER22: galaxy formation in protocluster regions
• Radiative equilibrium estimates of dust temperature and mass in high-redshift galaxies
• Infrared emission of $z\sim 6$ galaxies: AGN imprints
• No Redshift Evolution of Dust Temperatures from $0<z<2$
• The ALMA-CRISTAL survey: Widespread dust-obscured star formation in typical star-forming galaxies at z=4-6
• [CII] halos in ALPINE galaxies: smoking-gun of galactic outflows?
• Signature of the first galaxies in JWST deep field observations
• The discovery of the most UV-Lya luminous star-forming galaxy: a young, dust- and metal-poor starburst with QSO-like luminosities
• The 300 pc resolution imaging of a z = 8.31 galaxy: Turbulent ionized gas and potential stellar feedback 600 million years after the Big Bang
• Dust-free starburst galaxies at redshifts $z>10$
• ART${}^2$: A 3D Parallel Multi-wavelength Radiative Transfer Code for Continuum and Atomic and Molecular Lines
• Simulated [CII] in high-z galaxies
• ALMA Observations for CO Emission from Luminous Lyman-break Galaxies at $z=6.0293$-$6.2037$
• Detections of [C II] 158 $\mu$m and [O III] 88 $\mu$m in a Local Lyman Continuum Emitter, Mrk 54, and its Implications to High-redshift ALMA Studies
• Dust-UV offsets in high-redshift galaxies in the Cosmic Dawn III simulation
• Galaxy evolution and radiative properties in the early Universe: multi-wavelength analysis in cosmological simulations