Infrared emission of $z\sim 6$ galaxies: AGN imprints

Abstract

We investigate the infrared (IR) emission of high-redshift ($z\sim 6$), highly star-forming ($\mathrm{SFR}>100$ $M_{\odot }{\mathrm{yr}}^{-1}$) galaxies, with/without Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN), using a suite of cosmological simulations featuring dust radiative transfer. Synthetic Spectral Energy Distributions (SEDs) are used to quantify the relative contribution of stars/AGN to dust heating. In dusty ($M_{\mathrm{d}}\gtrsim 3\times 10^7{M}_{\odot }$) galaxies, $\gtrsim 50-90\%$ of the UV radiation is obscured by dust inhomogeneities on scales $\gtrsim 100$ pc. In runs with AGN, a clumpy, warm ($\approx 250$ K) dust component co-exists with a colder ($\approx 60$ K) and more diffuse one, heated by stars. Warm dust provides up to $50\%$ of the total IR luminosity, but only $\lesssim 0.1\%$ of the total mass content. The AGN boosts the MIR flux by $10-100\times$ with respect to star forming galaxies, without significantly affecting the FIR. Our simulations successfully reproduce the observed SED of bright ($M_{\mathrm{UV}}\sim -26$) $z\sim 6$ quasars, and show that these objects are part of complex, dust-rich merging systems, containing multiple sources (accreting BHs and/or star forming galaxies) in agreement with recent HST and ALMA observations. Our results show that the proposed ORIGINS missions will be able to investigate the MIR properties of dusty star forming galaxies and to obtain good quality spectra of bright quasars at $z\sim 6$. Finally, the MIR-to-FIR flux ratio of faint ($M_{\mathrm{UV}}\sim -24$) AGN is $>10\times$ higher than for normal star forming galaxies. This implies that combined JWST/ORIGINS/ALMA observations will be crucial to identify faint and/or dust-obscured AGN in the distant Universe.

arXiv comment22 pages, 13 figures, accepted for publication on MNRAS

References in corpus (203)

• SciPy 1.0--Fundamental Algorithms for Scientific Computing in Python
• Astropy: A Community Python Package for Astronomy
• The NumPy array: a structure for efficient numerical computation
• Planck 2015 results. XIII. Cosmological parameters
• Stellar population synthesis at the resolution of 2003
• The chemical composition of the Sun
• Galactic Stellar and Substellar Initial Mass Function
• The cosmological simulation code GADGET-2
• Unified Schemes for Radio-Loud Active Galactic Nuclei
• Coevolution (Or Not) of Supermassive Black Holes and Host Galaxies
• Starburst99: Synthesis Models for Galaxies with Active Star Formation
• The Demography of Massive Dark Objects in Galaxy Centres
• The EAGLE project: Simulating the evolution and assembly of galaxies and their environments
• Energy input from quasars regulates the growth and activity of black holes and their host galaxies
• Herschel Space Observatory - An ESA facility for far-infrared and submillimetre astronomy
• The Spitzer Space Telescope Mission
• Dust Grain Size Distributions and Extinction in the Milky Way, LMC, and SMC
• Interstellar Dust Grains
• Cosmological SPH simulations: A hybrid multi-phase model for star formation
• Modeling feedback from stars and black holes in galaxy mergers
• Composite Quasar Spectra From the Sloan Digital Sky Survey
• The Initial Mass Function of Stars: Evidence for Uniformity in Variable Systems
• Local Supermassive Black Holes, Relics of Active Galactic Nuclei and the X-ray Background
• A luminous quasar at a redshift of z = 7.085
• An Observational Determination of the Bolometric Quasar Luminosity Function
• Cool Gas in High Redshift Galaxies
• An 800-million-solar-mass black hole in a significantly neutral Universe at redshift 7.5
• Dust Masses, PAH Abundances, and Starlight Intensities in the SINGS Galaxy Sample
• On the Maximum Luminosity of Galaxies and Their Central Black Holes: Feedback From Momentum-Driven Winds
• The Assembly and Merging History of Supermassive Black Holes in Hierarchical Models of Galaxy Formation
• The effect of photo-ionization on the cooling rates of enriched, astrophysical plasmas
• A unified model for AGN feedback in cosmological simulations of structure formation
• Revisiting the Unified Model of Active Galactic Nuclei
• Cosmological simulations of the growth of supermassive black holes and feedback from active galactic nuclei: method and tests
• Multi-scale initial conditions for cosmological simulations
• An ultra-luminous quasar with a twelve-billion-solar-mass black hole at redshift 6.30
• The obscured growth of massive black holes
• Scattering by Interstellar Dust Grains: Optical and Ultraviolet
• AGN Dusty Tori: I. Handling of Clumpy Media
• The Chandra Deep Field-South Survey: 4 Ms Source Catalogs
• Dust Formation in Primordial Type II Supernovae
• The Canada-France High-z Quasar Survey: nine new quasars and the luminosity function at redshift 6
• The XMM-Newton view of PG quasars I. X-ray continuum and absorption
• Obscured Active Galactic Nuclei
• Supermassive black holes and their feedback effects in the IllustrisTNG simulation
• The Star Formation Rate of Supersonic MHD Turbulence
• A Survey of z>5.7 Quasars in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey IV: Discovery of Seven Additional Quasars
• Simulating galactic outflows with kinetic supernova feedback
• A Luminous Quasar at Redshift 7.642
• Evidence of strong quasar feedback in the early Universe
• The dust covering factor in active galactic nuclei
• Scattering by Interstellar Dust Grains. II. X-Rays
• Three-dimensional radiative transfer modeling of AGN dusty tori as a clumpy two-phase medium
• Dust Formation and Survival in Supernova Ejecta
• Red and Reddened Quasars in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey
• Star Formation and Gas Kinematics of Quasar Host Galaxies at z~6: New insights from ALMA
• Chemical enrichment of galaxy clusters from hydrodynamical simulations
• Dust emission from the most distant quasars
• The Final SDSS High-Redshift Quasar Sample of 52 Quasars at z>5.7
• The close environments of accreting massive black holes are shaped by radiative feedback
• The Bolometric Quasar Luminosity Function at z = 0-7
• Dust in the reionization era: ALMA observations of a $z$=8.38 Galaxy
• Physical properties of 15 quasars at $z\gtrsim 6.5$
• SKIRT: an Advanced Dust Radiative Transfer Code with a User-Friendly Architecture
• Supermassive Black Hole Formation by Direct Collapse: Keeping Protogalactic Gas H_2--Free in Dark Matter Halos with Virial Temperatures T_vir >~ 10^4 K
• Molecular Gas in the Host Galaxy of a Quasar at Redshift z=6.42
• Discovery of three z>6.5 quasars in the VISTA Kilo-degree Infrared Galaxy (VIKING) survey
• The Discovery of a Luminous z=5.80 Quasar from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey
• AGN-driven quenching of star formation: morphological and dynamical implications for early-type galaxies
• The Assembly of Supermassive Black Holes at High Redshifts
• A supernova origin for dust in a high-redshift quasar
• A 3x10^9 solar mass black hole in the quasar SDSS J1148+5251 at z=6.41
• The first ultraviolet quasar stacked spectrum at z=2.4 from WFC3
• Four quasars above redshift 6 discovered by the Canada-France High-z Quasar Survey
• Modelling the Pan-Spectral Energy Distribution of Starburst Galaxies: IV The Controlling Parameters of the Starburst SED
• Accreting SMBHs in the COSMOS field and the connection to their host galaxies
• A Kiloparsec-Scale Hyper-Starburst in a Quasar Host Less than 1 Gigayear after the Big Bang
• Gemini Near-infrared Spectroscopy of Luminous z~6 Quasars: Chemical Abundances, Black Hole Masses, and MgII Absorption
• First detection of [CII]158um at high redshift: vigorous star formation in the early universe
• Evolution of the AGN UV luminosity function from redshift 7.5
• Understanding Dual AGN Activation in the Nearby Universe
• Stellar sources of dust in the high redshift Universe
• Blowin' in the wind: both `negative' and `positive' feedback in an obscured high-z Quasar
• Black hole masses and enrichment of z ~ 6 SDSS quasars
• Black hole formation in the early universe
• Quasars: the characteristic spectrum and the induced radiative heating
• Dust formation history of galaxies: a critical role of metallicity for the dust mass growth by accreting materials in the interstellar medium
• Subaru High-z Exploration of Low-Luminosity Quasars (SHELLQs). V. Quasar Luminosity Function and Contribution to Cosmic Reionization at z = 6
• Rapidly star-forming galaxies adjacent to quasars at redshifts exceeding 6
• Great Optically Luminous Dropout Research Using Subaru HSC (GOLDRUSH). I. UV Luminosity Functions at $z\sim 4-7$ Derived with the Half-Million Dropouts on the 100 deg${}^2$ Sky
• Subaru high-z exploration of low-luminosity quasars (SHELLQs). I. Discovery of 15 quasars and bright galaxies at 5.7 < z < 6.9
• ALMA resolves the torus of NGC 1068: continuum and molecular line emission
• Very extended cold gas, star formation and outflows in the halo of a bright QSO at z>6
• Mass Distribution in Galaxy Clusters: the Role of AGN Feedback
• Bright [CII] and dust emission in three z>6.6 quasar host galaxies observed by ALMA
• High-excitation CO in a quasar host galaxy at z=6.42
• Optical colours and spectral indices of $z=0.1$ EAGLE galaxies with 3D dust radiative transfer code SKIRT
• Towards a physical model of dust tori in Active Galactic Nuclei - Radiative transfer calculations for a hydrostatic torus model
• The MAGNUM survey: Positive feedback in the nuclear region of NGC 5643 suggested by MUSE
• Panchromatic spectral energy distributions of Herschel sources
• The power of infrared AGN selection in mergers: a theoretical study
• Jet-regulated cooling catastrophe
• A Survey of z~6 Quasars in the SDSS Deep Stripe. II. Discovery of Six Quasars at z_{AB}>21
• Exploring Reionization-Era Quasars III: Discovery of 16 Quasars at $6.4\lesssim z\lesssim 6.9$ with DESI Legacy Imaging Surveys and UKIRT Hemisphere Survey and Quasar Luminosity Function at $z\sim 6.7$
• Radiative transfer in disc galaxies -- III. The observed kinematics of dusty disc galaxies
• High-redshift AGN in the Chandra Deep Fields: the obscured fraction and space density of the sub-$L_{\ast }$ population
• Formation of supermassive black hole seeds
• Initial mass function of intermediate mass black hole seeds
• Detection of atomic carbon [CII] 158 micron and dust emission from a z=7.1 quasar host galaxy
• ALMA uncovers the [CII] emission and warm dust continuum in a z = 8.31 Lyman break galaxy
• ALMA images the many faces of the NGC1068 torus and its surroundings
• AGN outflows trigger starbursts in gas-rich galaxies
• Ultraluminous Starbursts from SMBH-induced outflows
• On the dust temperatures of high redshift galaxies
• The metallicity of the most distant quasars
• What determines the grain size distribution in galaxies?
• Fast outflows and star formation quenching in quasar host galaxies
• The extinction law at high redshift and its implications
• Suppression of star formation in early-type galaxies by feedback from supermassive black holes
• Massive black hole factories: Supermassive and quasi-star formation in primordial halos
• Spectral Energy Distributions of QSOs at z>5: common AGN-heated dust and occasionally strong star-formation
• The extinction curves of star-forming regions from z=0.1 to 6.7 using GRB afterglow spectroscopy
• Discovery of eight z ~ 6 quasars from Pan-STARRS1
• Galaxy Simulation with Dust Formation and Destruction
• Near-zone sizes and the rest frame extreme ultra-violet spectral index of the highest redshift quasars
• Dust attenuation, dust emission, and dust temperature in galaxies at z>=5: a view from the FIRE-2 simulations
• Dusty galaxies in the Epoch of Reionization: simulations
• The impact of chemistry on the structure of high-z galaxies
• The Discovery of A Luminous Broad Absorption Line Quasar at A Redshift of 7.02
• Far-infrared and dust properties of present-day galaxies in the EAGLE simulations
• Growing massive black holes through super-critical accretion of stellar-mass seeds
• SPICA - a large cryogenic infrared space telescope Unveiling the obscured Universe
• Copious Amounts of Dust and Gas in a z=7.5 Quasar Host Galaxy
• Imaging Atomic and Highly Excited Molecular Gas in a z=6.42 Quasar Host Galaxy: Copious Fuel for an Eddington-Limited Starburst at the End of Cosmic Reionization
• AGN feedback works both ways
• The Subaru high-z quasar survey: discovery of faint z~6 quasars
• Multi-phase Nature of a Radiation-Driven Fountain with Nuclear Starburst in a Low-mass Active Galactic Nucleus
• Dust emission in an accretion-rate-limited sample of z>6 quasars
• The Growth Efficiency of High-Redshift Black Holes
• The X-ray properties of $z>6$ quasars: no evident evolution of accretion physics in the first Gyr of the Universe
• The Faint End of the z=5 Quasar Luminosity Function from the CFHTLS
• The Hard X-Ray Luminosity Function of High-Redshift ($3<z\lesssim 5$) Active Galactic Nuclei
• Probing the interstellar medium and star formation of the Most Luminous Quasar at z=6.3
• Evolution of the dust-to-metals ratio in high-redshift galaxies probed by GRB-DLAs
• A wide dispersion in star formation rate and dynamical mass of 10^8 solar mass black hole host galaxies at redshift 6
• The X-ray properties of z$\sim$6 luminous quasars
• The problematic growth of dust in high redshift galaxies
• First discoveries of z~6 quasars with the Kilo Degree Survey and VISTA Kilo-Degree Infrared Galaxy survey
• Molecular gas in three z~7 quasar host galaxies
• The Formation of the First Massive Black Holes
• Two bright z > 6 quasars from VST ATLAS and a new method of optical plus mid-infra-red colour selection
• An ALMA multi-line survey of the interstellar medium of the redshift 7.5 quasar host galaxy J1342+0928
• Evidence for Low Radiative Efficiency or Highly Obscured Growth of $z>7$ Quasars
• Warm dust in high-z galaxies: origin and implications
• The discovery of the first luminous z~6 quasar in the UKIDSS Large Area Survey
• DES J0454-4448: Discovery of the First Luminous z > 6 Quasar from the Dark Energy Survey
• An atlas of mid-infrared spectra of star-forming and active galaxies
• ALMA reveals a warm and compact starburst around a heavily obscured supermassive black hole at z=4.75
• First CO(17-16) emission line detected in a z > 6 quasar
• Modeling the Dust Properties of z ~ 6 Quasars with ART^2 -- All-wavelength Radiative Transfer with Adaptive Refinement Tree
• The Star Formation Rate of Molecular Clouds
• Tracing black hole accretion with SED decomposition and IR lines: from local galaxies to the high-z Universe
• Quasar outflows at $z\ge 6$: the impact on the host galaxies
• Remodeling the evolution of grain size distribution in galaxies
• First Identification of Direct Collapse Black Hole Candidates in the Early Universe in CANDELS/GOODS-S
• Near-Infrared Imaging of a z=6.42 Quasar Host Galaxy With the Hubble Space Telescope Wide Field Camera 3
• Complete infrared spectral energy distributions of mm detected quasars at z>5
• Dual supermassive black holes at close separation revealed by the Hyper Suprime-Cam Subaru Strategic Program
• The merger-driven evolution of warm infrared luminous galaxies
• Molecular clouds photoevaporation and FIR line emission
• The Contribution of Host Galaxies to the Infrared Energy Output of $z\gtrsim 5.0$ QUASARS
• Modeling Mid-Infrared Diagnostics of Obscured Quasars and Starbursts
• The origin of the Far-infrared continuum of z ~ 6 quasars: a radiative transfer model for SDSS J1148+5251
• Physical properties of the first quasars
• Dust processing in elliptical galaxies
• Faint progenitors of luminous $z\sim 6$ quasars: why don't we see them?
• Galaxy evolution studies with the SPace IR telescope for Cosmology and Astrophysics (SPICA): the power of IR spectroscopy
• Evolution of grain size distribution in high-redshift dusty quasars: Integrating large amounts of dust and unusual extinction curves
• Probing the full CO spectral line energy distribution (SLED) in the nuclear region of a quasar-starburst system at $z=6.003$
• Feedback-Driven Evolution of the Far-Infrared Spectral Energy Distributions of Luminous and Ultraluminous Infrared Galaxies
• The IRX-$\beta$ relation of high-redshift galaxies
• Discovery of the first heavily obscured QSO candidate at $z>6$ in a close galaxy pair
• X-ray Observations of a $z\sim 6.2$ Quasar/Galaxy Merger
• Constraints on high-J CO emission lines in $z\sim 6$ quasars
• Limits to Rest-Frame Ultraviolet Emission From Far-Infrared-Luminous z~6 Quasar Hosts
• Radiative properties of the first galaxies: rapid transition between blue and red
• The AGN content in luminous IR galaxies at z\sim2 from a global SED analysis including Herschel data
• Panchromatic Spectral Energy Distributions of Dusty Galaxies with RADISHE. I. Predictions for Herschel: Correlating Colors with Galactic Energy Sources
• On inferring extinction laws in z~6 quasars as signatures of supernova dust
• X-shooting GRBs at high redshift: probing dust production history
• Dust Destruction by Charging: A Possible Origin of Grey Extinction Curves of Active Galactic Nuclei
• X-ray spectroscopy of the z=6.4 quasar J1148+5251
• The Role of Star-Formation and AGN in Dust Heating of z=0.3-2.8 Galaxies - II. Informing IR AGN fraction estimates through simulations
• The Chandra COSMOS Legacy Survey: Clustering of X-ray selected AGN at 2.9<z<5.5 using photometric redshift Probability Distribution Functions
• Dust Destruction by Drift-Induced Sputtering in Active Galactic Nuclei
• Is GRB 050904 at z=6.3 absorbed by dust?
• Probing the High-Redshift Universe with SPICA: Toward the Epoch of Reionization and Beyond
• Tracing the evolution of dust obscured star-formation and accretion back to the reionisation epoch with SPICA
• AGNs are not that cool: revisiting the intrinsic AGN far-infrared spectral energy distribution
• On the Absence of High-Redshift AGNs: Little Growth in the Supermassive Black Hole Population at High Redshifts
• Probing black hole accretion in quasar pairs at high redshift
• Radio recombination lines from obscured quasars with the SKA
• Massive black holes in high-redshift Lyman Break Galaxies

Cited by in corpus (28)

• JADES. The diverse population of infant Black Holes at 4<z<11: merging, tiny, poor, but mighty
• Supermassive Black Holes at High Redshift are Expected to be Obscured by their Massive Host Galaxies' Inter Stellar Medium
• The ALMA REBELS Survey. Epoch of Reionization giants: properties of dusty galaxies at $z\approx 7$
• A survey of high-$z$ galaxies: SERRA simulations
• Dust temperature in ALMA $\hbox{[C $\scriptstyle\rm II $]}$-detected high-$z$ galaxies
• Host galaxies of high-redshift quasars: supermassive black hole growth and feedback
• Dust-Enshrouded AGN can Dominate Host-Galaxy-Scale Cold-Dust Emission
• The interstellar medium distribution, gas kinematics, and system dynamics of the far-infrared luminous quasar SDSS J2310+1855 at $z=6.0$
• SUPER V. ALMA continuum observations of z~2 AGN and the elusive evidence of outflows influencing star formation
• A Candidate Kiloparsec-scale Quasar Pair at $z=5.66$
• High-redshift quasars and their host galaxies II: multiphase gas and stellar kinematics
• The black hole and host galaxy growth in an isolated $z\sim 6$ QSO observed with ALMA
• Probing the Inner Circumgalactic Medium and Quasar Illumination around the Reddest `Extremely Red Quasar' (ERQ)
• Enhanced star formation in $z\sim 6$ quasar companions
• Accurate dust temperature and star formation rate in the most luminous $z>6$ quasar in the HYPerluminous quasars at the Epoch of ReionizatION (HYPERION) sample
• HYPERION. Coevolution of supermassive black holes and galaxies at $z>6$ and the build-up of massive galaxies
• The dust attenuation law in $z\sim 6$ quasars
• Fast SMBH growth in the SPT2349--56 protocluster at $z=4.3$
• ALMA observations of super-early galaxies: attenuation-free model predictions
• Unveiling the warm dense ISM in $z>6$ quasar host galaxies via water vapor emission
• Is the star formation rate in $z\sim 6$ quasars overestimated?
• GA-NIFS: The highly overdense system BR1202-0725 at z $\sim$ 4.7. A double AGN with fast outflows plus eight companion galaxies
• Molecular gas and dust properties in $z>7$ quasar hosts
• Investigating the ultraviolet and infrared radiation through the turbulent life of molecular clouds
• Monte Carlo radiative transfer with explicit absorption to simulate absorption, scattering, and stimulated emission
• A simple numerical experiment on the dust temperature bias for Lyman break galaxies at $z\gtrsim 5$
• ALMA 360 pc high-frequency observations reveal warm dust in the center of a $z=6.9$ quasar
• Multi-wavelength properties of $z\gtrsim 6$ LISA detectable events