The obscured growth of massive black holes

Abstract

The mass density of massive black holes observed locally is consistent with the hard X-ray Background provided that most of the radiation produced during their growth was absorbed by surrounding gas. A simple model is proposed here for the formation of galaxy bulges and central black holes in which young spheroidal galaxies have a significant distributed component of cold dusty clouds which accounts for the absorption. The central accreting black hole is assumed to emit both a quasar-like spectrum, which is absorbed by the surrounding gas, and a slow wind. The power in both is less than the Eddington limit for the black hole. The wind however exerts the most force on the gas and, as earlier suggested by Silk & Rees, when the black hole reaches a critical mass, it is powerful enough to eject the cold gas from the galaxy, so terminating the growth of both black hole and galaxy. In the present model this point occurs when the Thomson depth in the surrounding gas has dropped to about unity and results in the mass of the black hole being proportional to the mass of the spheroid, with the normalization agreeing with that found for local galaxies by Magorrian et al. for reasonable wind parameters. The model predicts a new population of hard X-ray and sub-mm sources at redshifts above one which are powered by black holes in their main growth phase.

5 pages, no figures, MN LATEX style, accepted for publication in the MNRAS

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• Resolving the relative influence of strong field spacetime dynamics and MHD on circumbinary disk physics
• Optical colours of AGN in the Extended Chandra Deep Field South: Obscured black holes in early type galaxies
• Exploring the spectral properties of faint hard X-ray sources with XMM-Newton
• The first XMM-Newton spectrum of a high redshift quasar - PKS 0537-286
• Metallicity and Quasar Outflows
• A Hubble Space Telescope Imaging Survey of Low-Redshift Swift-BAT Active Galaxies
• The nature of X-ray absorbed QSOs
• Evolution of [OIII]5007 emission-line profiles in narrow emission-line galaxies
• The Nuclear Outflows and Feedback in the Seyfert 2 Galaxy Markarian 573
• AGN radiative feedback in dusty quasar populations
• On the Fueling of Massive Black Holes and the Properties of their Host Spheroids
• Black hole mass of central galaxies and cluster mass correlation in cosmological hydro-dynamical simulations
• Growth of Supermassive Black Hole Seeds in ETG Star-Forming Progenitors: Multiple Merging of Stellar Compact Remnants via Gaseous Dynamical Friction and Gravitational Wave Emission
• Constraints on AGN feedback from its Sunyaev-Zel'dovich imprint on the cosmic background radiation
• A Study of Outflows in Luminous Quasars at Redshift $\sim 0.4-0.8$
• Dark bubbles around high-redshift radio-loud AGN
• Red Quasars and Quasar Evolution: the Case of BALQSO FIRST J155633.8+351758
• Stellar populations across the black hole mass - velocity dispersion relation
• A z=3.045 Lyman alpha emitting halo hosting a QSO and a possible candidate for AGN-triggered star-formation
• Momentum-driven feedback and the Mass-sigma relation in non-isothermal galaxies
• Precise physical conditions for the warm gas outflows in the nearby active galaxy IC 5063
• NGC 2992: The interplay between the multiphase disk, wind and radio bubbles
• The High Redshift Blazar S5 0836+71: A Broadband Study
• Radio-mode feedback in local AGNs: dependence on the central black hole parameters
• Ultramassive black holes in the most massive galaxies: $M_{\mathrm{BH}}-\sigma$ versus $M_{\mathrm{BH}}-R_{\mathrm{b}}$
• The (black hole mass)-(color) relations for early- and late-type galaxies: red and blue sequences
• Black hole spin evolution in warped accretion discs
• Blazar nature of high-z radio-loud quasars
• Suzaku reveals X-ray continuum piercing the nuclear absorber in Markarian 231
• Microlensing Constraints on Broad Absorption and Emission Line Flows in the Quasar H1413+117
• AGN Feedback in Groups and Clusters of Galaxies
• Active Galactic Nuclei outflows in galaxy discs
• Dust evolution with active galactic nucleus feedback in elliptical galaxies
• 4C 39.29 - extended emission around a powerful Type 2 quasar
• Expanding the Sample: The Relationship Between the Black Hole Mass of BCGs and the Total Mass of Galaxy Clusters
• A Moderate Cooling Flow Phase at Galaxy Formation
• Effects of Baryon Mass Loss on Profiles of Large Galactic Dark Matter Haloes
• Accretion Disc Particle Accretion in Major Merger Simulations
• The XMM-Newton deep survey in the CDF-S VI. Obscured AGN selected as infrared power-law galaxies
• The connection between AGN-driven dusty outflows and the surrounding environment
• SCUBA-2 Ultra Deep Imaging EAO Survey (STUDIES) IV: Spatial clustering and halo masses of 450-$\mu$m-selected sub-millimeter galaxies
• An excess of star-forming galaxies in the fields of high-redshift QSOs
• HST emission-line images of nearby 3CR radio galaxies: two photoionization, accretion and feedback modes
• Suzaku Observations of Three FeLoBAL QSOs, SDSS J0943+5417, J1352+4239, and J1723+5553
• Non-isotropic feedback from accreting spinning black holes
• Gas and dust in a z=2.8 obscured quasar
• The Merger-Triggered Active Galactic Nuclei Contribution to the Ultraluminous Infrared Galaxy Population
• Photometric Properties of the Most Massive High-Redshift Galaxies
• Broad Balmer-line Absorption in SDSS J172341.10+555340.5
• The IBISCO survey: I. Multiphase discs and winds in the Seyfert galaxy Markarian 509
• Molecular Flows in Contemporary Active Galaxies and the Efficacy of Radio-Mechanical Feedback
• Radiation pressure-driven outflows from dusty AGN
• Correlation of Black Hole-Bulge Masses by AGN Jets
• The Black Hole Mass Function Across Cosmic Times II. Heavy Seeds and (Super)Massive Black Holes
• A physical model for the hard X-ray background
• Outflow densities and ionisation mechanisms in the NLRs of the prototypical Seyfert galaxies NGC 1068 and NGC 4151
• AGN-driven galactic outflows: comparing models to observations
• Surprises from a deep ASCA spectrum of a Broad Absorption Line Quasar PHL 5200
• The Relative Growth of Black Holes and of the Stellar Components of Galaxies
• The (Black Hole Mass)-(Spheroid Stellar Density) Relations: $M_{\mathrm{BH}}$--$\mu$ (and $M_{\mathrm{BH}}$--$\Sigma$) and $M_{\mathrm{BH}}$--$\rho$
• The discovery of a type-II quasar at z = 1.65 with integral-field spectroscopy
• Observational evidence for AGNs feedback at parsec scale
• Extended Warm Gas in the ULIRG Mrk273: Galactic Outflows and Tidal Debris
• Narrow, Intrinsic CIV Absorption in Quasars as it Relates to Outflows, Orientation, and Radio Properties
• Outflows from Quasars and Ultraluminous X-ray Sources
• The complex circumnuclear environment of the broad-line radio galaxy 3C 390.3 revealed by Chandra HETG
• Black hole wind speeds and the M-sigma relation
• The Broad Wing of [O III] λ5007 Emission Line in Active Galactic Nuclei
• A strongly starforming group: three massive galaxies associated with a QSO
• Spectral Energy Distributions of type 2 QSOs: obscured star formation at high redshifts
• Black hole foraging: feedback drives feeding
• High-redshift radio galaxies: at the crossroads
• No evidence for excess AGN activity in recently quenched massive galaxies at cosmic noon
• A Joint Model Of X-ray And Infrared Backgrounds. II. Compton-Thick AGN Abundance
• Galaxy Bulge Formation: Interplay with Dark Matter Halo and Central Supermassive Black Hole
• The host galaxies of Compact Steep Spectrum and Gigahertz-Peaked Spectrum radio sources
• Ionized Gas Outflows in Low Excitation Radio Galaxies Are Radiation Driven
• On the radio properties of the highest redshift quasars
• Lens or Binary? Chandra Observations of the Wide Separation Broad Absorption Line Quasar Pair UM425
• The contribution of AGN to the sub-mm population
• Chandra Reveals Heavy Obscuration and Circumnuclear Star Formation in Seyfert 2 Galaxy NGC 4968
• Identifying AGN's Balmer-Absorptions and stratified NLR kinematics in SDSSJ112611.63+425246.4
• The iron $K_{\alpha }$ lines as a tool for magnetic field estimations in non-flat accretion flows
• The nature of X-ray selected EROs
• Seven broad absorption line quasars with excess broad band absorption near 2250 Å
• Feeding and feedback in the powerful radio galaxy 3C 120
• Mechanical heating by active galaxies
• The stellar, molecular gas and dust content of the host galaxies of two z~2.8 dust obscured quasars
• A Bayesian Monte-Carlo Analysis of the M-sigma Relation
• Radiation pattern and outflow geometry: a new probe of black hole spin?
• X-ray properties of the quasar HE0450-2958
• No evidence for feedback: Unexceptional Low-ionization winds in Host galaxies of Low Luminosity Active Galactic Nuclei at Redshift z ~1
• Alternative High-z Cosmic Tracers and the Dark Energy Equation of State
• MUSE view of PDS 456: kpc-scale wind, extended ionized gas and close environment
• Obscured AGN enhancement in galaxy pairs at cosmic noon: evidence from a probabilistic treatment of photometric redshifts
• A Self-Consistent NLTE-Spectra Synthesis Model of FeLoBAL QSOs
• The black hole mass versus velocity dispersion relation in QSOs/Active Galactic Nuclei: observational appearance and black hole growth
• On the Evolution of High-Redshift Active Galactic Nuclei
• Cosmic Feedback from AGN
• The Eddington Limit in Cosmic Rays: An Explanation for the Observed Lack of Low-Mass Radio-Loud Quasars and the M_{BH}-M_{Bulge} Relation
• Hard X-ray emission from elliptical galaxies and its contribution to the X-ray background
• Variations on a theme of AGN-driven outflows: luminosity evolution and ambient density distribution
• Role of Feedback in AGN-HOST Coevolution: A Study from Partially Obscured Active Galactic Nuclei
• Sub-millimetre source identifications and the micro-Jansky source population at 8.4 GHz in the William Herschel Deep Field
• Impetus: Consistent SPH calculations of 3D spherical Bondi accretion onto a black hole
• A Direct Linkage Between AGN Outflows in The Narrow-line Regions and The X-ray Emission From The Accretion disks
• The X-ray absorber of PKS2126-158
• Quantifying the AGN-driven outflows in ULIRGs (QUADROS) IV: HST/STIS spectroscopy of the sub-kpc warm outflow in F14394+5332
• The z=5.8 Quasar SDSSp J1044-0125: A Peek at Quasar Evolution?
• Dark matter halos and the M-σrelation for supermassive black holes
• Does the Compact Radio Jet in PG 1700+518 Drive a Molecular Outflow?
• A candidate Optically Quiescent Quasar lacking narrow emission lines
• The changing ISM of massive elliptical galaxies and cosmic evolution of radio galaxies and quasars
• Probing the link between quenching and morphological evolution
• What powers galactic outflows: nuclear starbursts or AGN?
• The Young, the Old, and the Dusty: Stellar Populations of AGN Hosts
• Radiative non-isothermal Bondi accretion onto a massive black hole
• Another X-ray UFO without a momentum-boosted molecular outflow. ALMA CO(1-0) observations of the galaxy pair IRAS 05054+1718
• Co-Evolution vs. Co-existence: The Effect of Accretion Modelling on the Evolution of Black Holes and Host Galaxies
• The co-evolution of strong AGN and central galaxies in different environments
• The fraction of galaxies that contain active nuclei and their accretion rates
• The temperatures of dust-enshrouded AGNs
• A Hubble Space Telescope Imaging Study of Four FeLoBAL Quasar Host Galaxies
• XMM-Newton Observation of Fe Kalpha emission from a BAL QSO: Mrk 231
• A population of Optically Quiescent Quasars from WISE and SDSS
• XMM-Newton and NuSTAR Observations of an Optically Quiescent Quasar
• Chandra discovery of the intracluster medium around UM425 at redshift 1.47
• Galactic interaction as the trigger for the young radio galaxy MRC B1221-423
• Rapid Variability of the accretion disk wind in the narrow line Seyfert 1, PG 1448+273
• Ultra-massive black hole feedback in compact galaxies
• The Measure of Cosmological Parameters
• A Peculiar Type~II QSO Identified via Broad-band Detection of Extreme Nebular Line Emission
• Does Feedback from Supermassive Blackhole Co-evolve With Host In Type 2 Quasars?
• An accretion model for the growth of the central black hole associated with ionization instability in quasars
• Cosmological Evolution Models for QSO/AGN Luminosity Functions: Effects of Spectrum-Luminosity Correlation and Massive Black Hole Remnants
• Stellar and Black Hole Mass Densities as Empirical Tracers of Co-evolution Show Lock-step Growth since $z\sim 3$
• The environments of the radio galaxy population in SIMBA
• IMPETUS: New Cloudy's radiative tables for accretion onto a galaxy black hole
• AGN anisotropic radiative feedback set by black hole spin
• Stringent limits on the masses of the supermassive black holes in seven nearby galaxies
• Rest-frame optical continua of L ~ L*, z>3 quasars: probing the faint end of the high z quasar luminosity function
• Optical Spectroscopy of Dual Quasar Candidates from the Subaru HSC-SSP program
• Nuclear Star Clusters and Bulges
• A Statistical Study of H I Gas in Nearby Narrow-Line AGN-Hosting Galaxies
• Quasar Host Galaxies and the $M_{SMBH}$ - ${\sigma }_{\ast }$ Relation
• A search for HI absorption in distant star-forming galaxies with ASKAP-FLASH -- I. Selection and analysis of the radio sample
• Rapidly Spinning Black Holes in Quasars: An Open Question
• Understanding the AGN-Host Connection in Broad Mgii Emission Selected AGN-Host Hybrid Qausars
• Jet-mode feedback in NGC 5972: insights from resolved MUSE, GMRT and VLA observations
• XMM-Newton Observations of Three Interacting Luminous Infrared Galaxies
• Bounds on the neutrino flux from cosmic sources of relativistic particles
• Do sub-mm sources and quasars form an evolutionary sequence?
• Most supermassive black hole growth is obscured by dust
• Seeking for the leading actor on the cosmic stage: Galaxies versus Supermassive Black Holes
• Ultra-violet photo-ionisation in far-infrared selected sources
• AGN radiative feedback in the early growth of massive black holes
• Extragalactic jets on subpc and large scales
• The SRG/eROSITA all-sky survey: Hard X-ray selected Active Galactic Nuclei
• Prospects for Measuring the Mass of Black Holes at High Redshifts with Resolved Kinematics Using Gravitational Lensing
• A High-resolution Far-infrared Survey to Probe Black Hole-Galaxy Co-evolution
• AGN cool feedback and analogy with X-ray binaries: from radiation pressure to cosmic ray driven outflows
• Why and when is internally-driven AGN feedback energetically favoured?
• Ultradense Gases beyond Dusty Torus in a Partially Obscured Quasar
• Enhanced AGN Activity in Overdense Galactic Environments at $2<z<4$
• An excess of low-mass X-ray binaries in the outer halo of NGC 4472
• Tracing the History of Recent Bulge Star Formation in Active Galactic Nuclei
• Multigroup Radiation Diffusion on a Moving Mesh: Implementation in RICH and Application to Tidal Disruption Events
• The XMM-SSC survey of hard-spectrum XMM-Newton sources 1: optically bright sources
• The radio-loud active nucleus in the "dark lens" galaxy J1218+2953
• Feeding supermassive black holes by collisional cascades
• The importance of radio sources in accounting for the highest mass black holes
• Black Holes at Work
• Supermassive Black Holes in Galactic Bulges
• The impact of AGN on their host galaxies
• Observational tests of the galaxy formation process
• Gamma-ray probe of the QSO's obscured evolution
• Nuclear activity in galaxies driven by binary supermassive black holes
• Violence in the Hearts of Galaxies - Aberration or Adolescence?
• Astrophysical Black holes: An Explanation for the Galaxy Quenching