Unification of the Fundamental Plane and Super-Massive Black Holes Masses

Abstract

According to the Virial Theorem, all gravitational systems in equilibrium sit on a plane in the 3D parameter space defined by their mass, size and second moment of the velocity tensor. While these quantities cannot be directly observed, there are suitable proxies: the luminosity Lk, half-light radius Re and dispersion sigma_e. These proxies indeed lie on a very tight Fundamental Plane (FP). How do the black holes in the centers of galaxies relate to the FP? Their masses are known to exhibit no strong correlation with total galaxy mass, but they do correlate weakly with bulge mass (when present), and extremely well with the velocity dispersion through the Mbh = sigma_e^5.4 relation. These facts together imply that a tight plane must also exist defined by black hole mass, total galaxy mass and size. Here I show that this is indeed the case using a heterogeneous set of 230 black holes. The sample includes BHs from zero to 10 billion solar masses and host galaxies ranging from low surface brightness dwarfs, through bulge-less disks, to brightest cluster galaxies. The resulting BH-size-luminosity Mbh=(Lk/Re)^3.8 has the same amount of scatter as the M-sigma relation and is aligned with the galaxy FP, such that it is just a re-projection of sigma. The inferred BH-size-mass relation is Mbh=(M_star/Re)^2.9. These relationships are universal and extend to galaxies without bulges. This implies that the black hole is primarily correlated with its global velocity dispersion and not with the properties of the bulge. I show that the classical bulge--mass relation is a projection of the M-sigma relation. When the velocity dispersion cannot be measured (at high-z or low dispersions), the BH-size-mass relation should be used as a proxy for black hole mass in favor of just galaxy or bulge mass.

arXiv comment13 pages, 8 figures, and a large table. Accepted to ApJ. Datatable and code at https://github.com/remcovandenbosch/Black-Hole-Mass-compilation

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• A consistency-test for determining whether ultra-compact dwarf galaxies could be the remnant nuclei of threshed galaxies
• The Second Nucleus of NGC 7727: Direct Evidence for the Formation and Evolution of an Ultracompact Dwarf Galaxy
• LeMMINGs IV: The X-ray properties of a statistically-complete sample of the nuclei in active and inactive galaxies from the Palomar sample
• Modelling the accretion and feedback of supermassive black hole binaries in gas-rich galaxy mergers
• No sign of strong molecular gas outflow in an infrared-bright dust-obscured galaxy with strong ionized-gas outflow
• Exploring Proxies for the Supermassive Black Hole Mass Function: Implications for Pulsar Timing Arrays
• WISDOM project -- VI. Exploring the relation between supermassive black hole mass and galaxy rotation with molecular gas
• Lepton acceleration in the vicinity of the event horizon: Very-high-energy emissions from super-massive black holes
• Stellar dynamics in the strong-lensing central galaxy of Abell 1201: A low stellar mass-to-light ratio, a large central compact mass, and a standard dark matter halo
• Observational hints on the torus obscuring gas behaviour through X-rays with NuSTAR data
• The (Black Hole Mass)-(Spheroid Stellar Density) Relations: $M_{\mathrm{BH}}$--$\mu$ (and $M_{\mathrm{BH}}$--$\Sigma$) and $M_{\mathrm{BH}}$--$\rho$
• Evidence for non-merger co-evolution of galaxies and their supermassive black holes
• The Activation of Galactic Nuclei and Their Accretion Rates are Linked to the Star Formation Rates and Bulge-types of Their Host Galaxies
• Supermassive black holes in merger-free galaxies have higher spins which are preferentially aligned with their host galaxy
• Further constraints on variations in the IMF from LMXB populations
• Cosmic evolution of black hole-spin and galaxy orientations: clues from the NewHorizon and Galactica simulations
• A Multi-Wavelength Study of Multiple Spectral Component Jets in AGN: Testing the IC/CMB Model for the Large-Scale-Jet X-ray Emission
• Jets, Arcs and Shocks: NGC 5195 at radio wavelengths
• On the link between nuclear star cluster and globular cluster system mass, nucleation fraction and environment
• The Clustering of Undetected High-redshift Black Holes and Their Signatures in Cosmic Backgrounds
• Very High-Energy Emission from the Direct Vicinity of Rapidly Rotating Black Holes
• Stellar populations in local AGNs: evidence for enhanced star formation in the inner 100pc
• Searching for Milky Way twins: Radial abundance distribution as a strict criterion
• Correlation of structure and stellar properties of galaxies in Stripe 82
• The Impact of Black Hole Scaling Relation Assumptions on the Mass Density of Black Holes
• Triaxial Schwarzschild Models of NGC 708: a 10-billion solar mass black hole in a low dispersion galaxy with a Kroupa IMF
• The MASSIVE survey -- XIX. Molecular gas measurements of the supermassive black hole masses in the elliptical galaxies NGC 1684 and NGC 0997
• The weak dependence of velocity dispersion on disk fractions, mass-to-light ratio and redshift: Implications for galaxy and black hole evolution
• A geometric approach to non-linear correlations with intrinsic scatter
• Quantifying the effect of black hole feedback from the central galaxy on the satellite populations of groups and clusters
• RABBITS -- II. The impact of AGN feedback on coalescing supermassive black holes in disc and elliptical galaxy mergers
• The relation between globular cluster systems and supermassive black holes in spiral galaxies III. The link to the $M_{\bullet }-M_{\ast }$ correlation
• Discovery of a Planar Black Hole Mass Scaling Relation for Spiral Galaxies
• Link between radio-loud AGNs and host-galaxy shape
• Off-centre supermassive black holes in bright central galaxies
• Cosmological Simulation of Galaxy Groups and Clusters-I: Global Effect of Feedback from Active Galactic Nuclei
• Outflows in the Gaseous Discs of Active Galaxies and their impact on Black Hole Scaling Relations
• Refining the mass estimate for the intermediate-mass black hole candidate in NGC 3319
• Over-massive Central Black Holes in the Cosmological Simulations ASTRID and Illustris TNG50
• Identifying supermassive black hole recoil in elliptical galaxies
• An Absence of Radio-Loud Active Galactic Nuclei in Geometrically Flat Quiescent Galaxies: Implications for Maintenance-Mode Feedback Models
• The impact of low luminosity AGN on their host galaxies: A radio and optical investigation of the kpc-scale outflow in MaNGA 1-166919
• Gas inflows in the polar ring of NGC 4111: the birth of an AGN
• The Mass of the Black Hole in NGC 5273 from Stellar Dynamical Modeling
• Rediscovering the Milky Way with orbit superposition approach and APOGEE data I. Method validation
• Unveiling a 36 Billion Solar Mass Black Hole at the Centre of the Cosmic Horseshoe Gravitational Lens
• Catalog of supermassive black holes for interferometric observations
• Radio Emission of Nearby Early-type Galaxies at Low and Very-Low Radio Luminosity Range
• A robust two-parameter description of the stellar profile of elliptical galaxies
• WISE2MBH: A scaling-based algorithm for probing supermassive black hole masses through WISE catalogues
• WISDOM Project -- XXII. A 5% precision CO-dynamical supermassive black hole mass measurement in the galaxy NGC 383
• WISDOM Project -- XIX. Figures of merit for supermassive black hole mass measurements using molecular gas and/or megamaser kinematics
• The role of scatter and satellites in shaping the large-scale clustering of X-ray AGN as a function of host galaxy stellar mass
• WISDOM project -- XVIII. Molecular gas distributions and kinematics of three megamaser galaxies
• Inferences on relations between distant supermassive black holes and their hosts complemented by the galaxy fundamental plane
• Inferring Mbh-Mbulge Evolution from the Gravitational Wave Background
• Primordial Intermediate and Supermassive Black Hole formation during the electron-positron annihilation epoch
• Calibration-based abundances in the interstellar gas of galaxies from slit and IFU spectra
• LeMMINGs. VI. Connecting nuclear activity to bulge properties of active and inactive galaxies: radio scaling relations and galaxy environment
• A catalogue of nuclear stellar velocity dispersions of nearby galaxies from H$\alpha$ STIS spectra to constrain supermassive black hole masses
• The COS-Holes Survey: Connecting Galaxy Black Hole Mass with the State of the CGM
• An Infrared view of the obscured AGN environment in NGC 4945
• The Galaxy Activity, Torus, and Outflow Survey (GATOS). Black hole mass estimation using machine learning
• Coevolution (Or Not) of Supermassive Black Holes and Host Galaxies: Black Hole Scaling Relations Are Not Biased by Selection Effects
• On the scaling relations of bulges and early-type galaxies
• A study of the scaling relation $M_{\bullet }\propto R_e{\sigma }^3$ for supermassive black holes and an update of the corresponding theoretical model
• Multiple-scale gas infall through gravity torques on Milky Way twins
• Prospects for observing supermassive black hole binaries with the space-ground interferometer
• Study of central intensity ratio of early-type galaxies from low density environment
• LeMMINGs. V. Nuclear activity and bulge properties: a detailed multi-component decomposition of $e$-MERLIN Palomar galaxies with $HST$
• An updated comparison of the $M_{\bullet }$ vs $M_G{\sigma }^2$ relation with $M_{\bullet }$ vs $\sigma$ and the problem of the masses of galaxies
• Study of Central Intensity Ratio of Seyfert Galaxies in nearby Universe
• A note on the interpretation of the statistical analysis of the $M_{\bullet }-M_G{\sigma }^2$ scaling relation
• HARMONI view of the host galaxies of active galactic nuclei around cosmic noon: Resolved stellar morpho-kinematics and the M${}_{BH}$-${\sigma }_{\star }$ relation
• Linking {\it Fermi} blazars and radio galaxies through accretion and jet radiation mechanisms
• Cosmological evolution of gas and supermassive black holes in idealized isolated halos
• What Drives the Bimodal Distribution of Eddington-Scaled Radio Luminosity in Nearby Early-Type Galaxies?
• The Faintest, Extremely Variable X-ray Tidal Disruption Event from a Supermassive Black Hole Binary?
• Supermassive black holes in a mass-limited galaxy sample
• Cross-checking SMBH mass estimates in NGC 6958 -- I: Stellar dynamics from adaptive optics-assisted MUSE observations
• Forming off-center massive black hole binaries in dwarf galaxies through Jacobi capture
• WISDOM Project -- XXVI. Cross-checking supermassive black hole mass estimates from ALMA CO gas kinematics and SINFONI stellar kinematics in the galaxy NGC 4751
• Multi-component, axisymmetric dynamical models of dSphs based on distribution functions: inferences on dark matter and intermediate-mass black holes in Draco and Ursa Minor
• The properties of the obscuring material of an AGNs sample from mid-IR and X-ray simultaneous fitting
• Connections between Central Intensity Ratio and hot gas properties of early-type galaxies