The most massive black holes on the Fundamental Plane of Black Hole Accretion

Abstract

We perform a detailed study of the location of brightest cluster galaxies (BCGs) on the fundamental plane of black hole (BH) accretion, which is an empirical correlation between a BH X-ray and radio luminosity and mass supported by theoretical models of accretion. The sample comprises 72 BCGs out to $z\sim 0.3$ and with reliable nuclear X-ray and radio luminosities. These are found to correlate as $L_{\mathrm{X}}\propto L_{\mathrm{R}}^{0.75\pm 0.08}$, favoring an advection-dominated accretion flow as the origin of the X-ray emission. BCGs are found to be on average offset from the fundamental plane such that their BH masses seem to be underestimated by the $M_{\mathrm{BH}}-M_{\mathrm{K}}$ relation a factor $\sim$10. The offset is not explained by jet synchrotron cooling and is independent of emission process or amount of cluster gas cooling. Those core-dominated BCGs are found to be more significantly offset than those with weak core radio emission. For BCGs to on average follow the fundamental plane, a large fraction ($\sim 40\%$) should have BH masses $>10^{10}$ M${}_{\odot }$ and thus host ultramassive BHs. The local BH-galaxy scaling relations would not hold for these extreme objects. The possible explanations for their formation, either via a two-phase process (the BH formed first, the galaxy grows later) or as descendants of high-z seed BHs, challenge the current paradigm of a synchronized galaxy-BH growth.

Accepted for publication in MNRAS, 22 pages, 12 figures

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