Evidence of parsec-scale jets in Low-luminosity Active Galactic Nuclei

Abstract

The nuclear radio emission of low-luminosity active galactic nuclei (LLAGN) is often associated with unresolved cores. In this paper we show that most LLAGN present extended jet radio emission when observed with sufficient angular resolution and sensitivity. They are thus able to power, at least, parsec-scale radio jets. To increase the detection rate of jets in LLAGN, we analyze subarcsecond resolution data of three low-ionization nuclear emission regions. This yields the detection of extended jet-like radio structures in NGC\,1097 and NGC\,2911 and the first resolved parsec-scale jet of NGC\,4594 (Sombrero). The three sources belong to a sample of nearby LLAGN for which high-spatial-resolution spectral energy distribution of their core emission is available. This allows us to study their accretion rate and jet power ($Q_{\mathrm{jet}}$) without drawing on (most) of the ad hoc assumptions usually considered in large statistical surveys. We find that those LLAGN with large-scale radio jets ($>$100 pc) have $Q_{\mathrm{jet}}>10^{42}$ erg s${}^{-1}$, while the lowest $Q_{\mathrm{jet}}$ correspond to those LLAGN with parsec-scale ($\le$100 pc) jets. The $Q_{\mathrm{jet}}$ is at least as large as the radiated bolometric luminosity for all LLAGN, in agreement with previous statistical studies. Our detection of parsec-scale jets in individual objects further shows that the kinematic jet contribution is equally important in large- or parsec-scale objects. We also find that the Eddington-scaled accretion rate is still highly sub-Eddington ($<10^{-4}$) when adding the $Q_{\mathrm{jet}}$ to the total emitted luminosity (radiated plus kinetic). This indicates that LLAGN are not only inefficient radiators but that they also accrete inefficiently or are very efficient advectors.

arXiv comment10 pages, 5 figures, accepted for publication in ApJ

References in corpus (68)

• Advection-Dominated Accretion: A Self-Similar Solution
• Hot Accretion Flows Around Black Holes
• Nuclear Activity in Nearby Galaxies
• Present-Day Growth of Black Holes and Bulges: the SDSS Perspective
• On the fundamental dichotomy in the local radio-AGN population: accretion, evolution, and host galaxy properties
• The Black-Hole Mass in M87 from Gemini/NIFS Adaptive Optics Observations
• The Spectral Energy Distributions of Low-Luminosity Active Galactic Nuclei
• MOJAVE: Monitoring of Jets in AGN with VLBA Experiments - I. First-Epoch 15 GHz Linear Polarization Images
• Tracing Black Hole Mergers Through Radio Lobe Morphology
• Radio Sources in Low-Luminosity Active Galactic Nuclei.IV. Radio Luminosity Function, Importance of Jet Power, and Radio Properties of the Complete Palomar Sample
• Fueling Low-Level AGN Activity Through the Stochastic Accretion of Cold Gas
• A Universal Scaling for the Energetics of Relativistic Jets From Black Hole Systems
• Measuring the kinetic power of AGN in the radio mode
• A Survey of Kiloparsec-Scale Radio Outflows in Radio-Quiet Active Galactic Nuclei
• Radio Sources in Low-Luminosity Active Galactic Nuclei. III. "AGNs" in a Distance-Limited Sample of "LLAGNs"
• The Murmur of the Sleeping Black Hole: Detection of Nuclear Ultraviolet Variability in LINER Galaxies
• Radiative efficiency, variability and Bondi accretion onto massive black holes: from mechanical to quasar feedback in brightest cluster galaxies
• Possible Evidence for Truncated Thin Disks in the Low-Luminosity Active Galactic Nuclei M81 and NGC 4579
• Spectral Models for Low-luminosity Active Galactic Nuclei in LINERs: The Role of Advection-dominated Accretion and Jets
• Detection of Compact Ultraviolet Nuclear Emission in LINER Galaxies
• The central parsecs of Centaurus A: High Excitation Gas, a Molecular Disk, and the Mass of the Black Hole
• Radio Sources in Low-Luminosity Active Galactic Nuclei. I. VLA Detections of Compact, Flat-Spectrum Cores
• Radio Sources in Low-Luminosity Active Galactic Nuclei. II. VLBI Detections of Compact Radio Cores and Jets in a Sample of LINERs
• Stellar and Molecular Gas Kinematics of NGC1097: Inflow Driven by a Nuclear Spiral
• High-resolution radio observations of Seyfert galaxies in the extended 12-micron sample - I. The observations
• Low-Luminosity Active Galactic Nuclei: Are They UV-Faint and Radio Loud?
• Evidence for Jet Domination of the Nuclear Radio Emission in Low-luminosity Active Galactic Nuclei
• Radiatively Inefficient Accretion Flow in the Nucleus of NGC 1097
• Motion and Properties of Nuclear Radio Components in Seyfert Galaxies Seen with VLBI
• The spectral energy distribution of the central parsecs of the nearest AGN
• Results from an extensive simultaneous broadband campaign on the underluminous active nucleus M81*: further evidence for mass-scaling accretion in black holes
• The Origin of Radio Emission in Low-Luminosity Active Galactic Nuclei: Jets, Accretion Flows, or Both?
• Statistical Properties of Radio Emission from the Palomar Seyfert Galaxies
• Further Clues to the Nature of Composite LINER/HII Galaxies
• Radio structures of the nuclei of nearby Seyfert galaxies and the nature of the missing diffuse emission
• Spectral Energy Distributions of Weak Active Galactic Nuclei Associated With Low-Ionization Nuclear Emission Regions
• On the origin of X-ray emission in some FR Is: ADAF or jet?
• The Nuclear Jet in M81
• Observational evidence of spin-induced precession in active galactic nuclei
• Low-Luminosity AGNs at the Highest Resolution: Jets or Accretion Flows?
• Bolometric luminosity black-hole growth time and slim accretion discs in active galactic nuclei
• Jet emission in NGC1052 at radio, optical, and X-ray frequencies
• The X-ray-faint Emission of the Supermassive Nuclear Black Hole of IC1459
• A Radio Census of Nuclear Activity in Nearby Galaxies
• Limits on the accretion rates onto massive black holes in nearby galaxies
• On the Origin of Ultraviolet Emission and the Accretion Model of Low-luminosity AGNs
• The Nature of Composite LINER/HII Galaxies, As Revealed from High-Resolution VLA Observations
• VLT diffraction-limited imaging at 11 and 18 micron of the nearest active galactic nuclei
• NUclei of GAlaxies: V. Radio emission in 7 NUGA sources
• The Jet-Heated X-ray Filament in the Centaurus A Northern Middle Radio Lobe
• The nature of nuclear Halpha emission in LINERs
• The Size of the Radio-Emitting Region in Low-luminosity Active Galactic Nuclei
• A high-frequency radio survey of low-luminosity active galactic nuclei
• Millimeter Radio Continuum Emissions as the Activity of Super Massive Black Holes in Nearby Early-Type Galaxies and Low-Luminosity Active Galactic Nuclei
• Serendipitous discovery of the long-sought AGN in Arp 299-A
• The central molecular gas structure in LINERs with low luminosity AGN: evidence for gradual disappearance of the torus
• Evidence for nuclear radio jet and its structure down to <100 Schwarzschild radii in the center of the Sombrero galaxy (M 104, NGC 4594)
• The evolution of galaxies resolved in space and time: an inside-out growth view from the CALIFA survey
• Black hole masses and starbursts in X-shaped radio sources
• Light-year Scale Radio Cores in Four LINER Galaxies
• Discovery of an X-ray cavity near the radio lobes of Cygnus A indicating previous AGN activity
• The role of the accretion disk, dust, and jets in the IR emission of low-luminosity AGN
• Origin of Radio Emission from Nearby Low-Luminosity Active Galactic Nuclei
• Rotation and outflow in the central kiloparsec of the water megamaser galaxies IC 2560, NGC 1386, NGC 1052, and Mrk 1210
• Starbursts and black hole masses in X-shaped radio galaxies: Signatures of a merger event?
• Suzaku observation of the LINER NGC 4102
• Nuclear Radio Jet from a Low-Luminosity Active Galactic Nucleus in NGC 4258
• Kinetic power of quasars and statistical excess of MOJAVE superluminal motions

Cited by in corpus (44)

• MOJAVE. X. Parsec-Scale Jet Orientation Variations and Superluminal Motion in AGN
• Observational evidence for intermediate-mass black holes
• Star-forming galaxies as the origin of diffuse high-energy backgrounds: Gamma-ray and neutrino connections, and implications for starburst history
• Intermediate-mass black holes in dwarf galaxies out to redshift $\sim$ 2.4 in the Chandra COSMOS Legacy Survey
• A refined sub-grid model for black hole accretion and AGN feedback in large cosmological simulations
• A population of intermediate-mass black holes in dwarf starburst galaxies up to redshift=1.5
• Hidden AGN in dwarf galaxies revealed by MaNGA: light echoes, off-nuclear wanderers, and a new broad-line AGN
• The powerful jet of an off-nuclear intermediate-mass black hole in the spiral galaxy NGC 2276
• LeMMINGs. I. The eMERLIN legacy survey of nearby galaxies. 1.5-GHz parsec-scale radio structures and cores
• Radio jets from AGN in dwarf galaxies in the COSMOS survey: mechanical feedback out to redshift $\sim$3.4
• The Nuclear Near-Infrared Spectral Properties of Nearby Galaxies
• Kinetic and radiative power from optically thin accretion flows
• MaNGA AGN dwarf galaxies (MAD) -- I. A new sample of AGN in dwarf galaxies with spatially resolved spectroscopy
• The central parsecs of active galactic nuclei: challenges to the torus
• ALMA Observations of the Submillimeter Dense Molecular Gas Tracers in the Luminous Type-1 Active Nucleus of NGC 7469
• The most massive black holes on the Fundamental Plane of Black Hole Accretion
• X-ray study of a sample of FR0 radio galaxies: unveiling the nature of the central engine
• LeMMINGs. II. The e-MERLIN legacy survey of nearby galaxies. The deepest radio view of the Palomar sample on parsec scale
• Discovery of massive star formation quenching by nonthermal effects in the center of NGC 1097
• The extended radio jet of an off-nuclear low-mass AGN in NGC 5252
• From kpcs to the central parsec of NGC 1097: feeding star formation and a black hole at the same time
• A GMRT Study of Seyfert Galaxies NGC4235 & NGC4594: Evidence of Episodic Activity ?
• Gamma-ray observations of low-luminosity active galactic nuclei
• The warm molecular gas and dust of Seyfert galaxies: two different phases of accretion?
• Spatially-Offset AGN Candidates in the CLASS Survey
• A Curved 150 Parsec Long Jet in the Double-Peaked Emission-Line AGN KISSR 434
• VLBI Imaging of the Double Peaked Emission Line Seyfert KISSR1494
• LeMMINGs. III. The e-MERLIN Legacy Survey of the Palomar sample. Exploring the origin of nuclear radio emission in active and inactive galaxies through the [O III] -- radio connection
• Significant Suppression of Star Formation in Radio-Quiet AGN Host Galaxies with Kiloparsec-Scale Radio Structures
• A new period of activity in the core of NGC660
• Resolving accretion flows in nearby active galactic nuclei with the Event Horizon Telescope
• Double-Peaked Emission Lines due to A Radio Outflow in KISSR1219
• Compact jets dominate the continuum emission in low-luminosity active galactic nuclei
• AGN Feedback Through Multiple Jet Cycles in the Seyfert Galaxy NGC 2639
• AGN must be very efficient at powering outflows
• Unveiling the AGN in IC 883: discovery of a parsec-scale radio jet
• Broadband Modeling of Low Luminosity Active Galactic Nuclei Detected in Gamma Rays
• Resolving the Nuclear Radio Emission from M32 with Very Large Array
• Digging process in NGC 6951: the molecular disc bumped by the jet
• Tracking X-ray Variability in Next Generation EHT LLAGN Targets
• Shocked, Heated, and Now Resolved: H${}_2$ excitation in the low-luminosity AGN at M58 core with JWST
• ReveaLLAGN 1: JWST Emission-Line Spectra Reveal Low-Luminosity AGN with UV-Deficient SEDs and Warm Molecular Gas
• MaNGA AGN dwarf galaxies (MAD) -- IV. Revealing hidden AGN in dwarf galaxies with radio observations
• The Nature of Jets in Double-Peaked Emission Line AGN in the KISSR Sample