The cosmological size and velocity dispersion evolution of massive early-type galaxies

Abstract

We analyze 40 cosmological re-simulations of individual massive galaxies with present-day stellar masses of $M_{\ast }>6.3\times 10^{10}{M}_{\odot }$ in order to investigate the physical origin of the observed strong increase in galaxy sizes and the decrease of the stellar velocity dispersions since redshift $z\approx 2$. At present 25 out of 40 galaxies are quiescent with structural parameters (sizes and velocity dispersions) in agreement with local early type galaxies. At z=2 all simulated galaxies with $M_{\ast }\gtrsim 10^{11}{M}_{\odot }$ (11 out of 40) at z=2 are compact with projected half-mass radii of $\approx$ 0.77 ($\pm$0.24) kpc and line-of-sight velocity dispersions within the projected half-mass radius of $\approx$ 262 ($\pm$28) kms${}^{-1}$ (3 out of 11 are already quiescent). Similar to observed compact early-type galaxies at high redshift the simulated galaxies are clearly offset from the local mass-size and mass-velocity dispersion relations. Towards redshift zero the sizes increase by a factor of $\sim 5-6$, following $R_{1/2}\propto (1+z{)}^{\alpha }$ with $\alpha =-1.44$ for quiescent galaxies ($\alpha =-1.12$ for all galaxies). The velocity dispersions drop by about one-third since $z\approx 2$, following ${\sigma }_{1/2}\propto (1+z{)}^{\beta }$ with $\beta =0.44$ for the quiescent galaxies ($\beta =0.37$ for all galaxies). The simulated size and dispersion evolution is in good agreement with observations and results from the subsequent accretion and merging of stellar systems at $z\lesssim 2$ which is a natural consequence of the hierarchical structure formation. A significant number of the simulated massive galaxies (7 out of 40) experience no merger more massive than 1:4 (usually considered as major mergers). On average, the dominant accretion mode is stellar minor mergers with a mass-weighted mass-ratio of 1:5. (abridged)

9 pages, 6 figures, accepted for publication in ApJ

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• Field spheroid-dominated galaxies in a Λ-CDM Universe
• The relationship between galaxy and halo sizes in the Illustris and IllustrisTNG simulations
• SDSS-IV MaNGA: The effect of stellar mass and halo mass on the assembly histories of satellite galaxies
• Probabilistic model for dynamic galaxy decomposition
• Implications of galaxy buildup for putative IMF variations in massive galaxies
• The SAMI Galaxy Survey: embedded discs and radial trends in outer dynamical support across the Hubble sequence
• The Structure of Galaxies: III. Two Structural Families of Ellipticals
• A Deep Learning Approach for Characterizing Major Galaxy Mergers
• Assembly bias evidence in close galaxy pairs
• Dark matter in massive galaxies
• Use of spatial cross correlation function to study formation mechanism of massive elliptical galaxies
• Evolution of massive quiescent galaxies via envelope accretion
• The abundance of massive compact galaxies at $1.0<z<3.0$ in 3D-HST/CANDELS
• Comparison of simple mass estimators for slowly rotating elliptical galaxies
• Total mass slopes and enclosed mass constrained by globular cluster system dynamics
• Dwarf-Dwarf interactions and their influence on star formation : Insights from post-merger galaxies
• Tracing the cosmological origin of gas that fuels in situ star formation in TNG50 galaxies
• Effects of Environment on the Size Evolution of Quiescent Galaxies: Comparing Galaxies in Clusters and in the Field at Two Rest-frame Wavelengths
• The Color Gradients of the Globular Cluster Systems in M87 and M49
• Ionized gas kinematics of massive elliptical galaxies in CALIFA and in cosmological zoom-in simulations
• Multi-band analysis of strong gravitationally lensed post-blue nugget candidates from the Kilo-Degree Survey
• Cosmic spin and mass evolution of black holes and its impact
• Dynamical Mass Determinations and Scaling Relations of Early-Type Galaxies
• The LEGA-C and SAMI Galaxy Surveys: Quiescent Stellar Populations and the Mass-Size Plane across 6 Gyr
• Spatially resolved stellar-to-total dynamical mass relation: Radial variations, gradients and profiles of galaxy stellar populations
• A MaNGA about the Legacy I: Connecting the Assembly of Stellar Halo with the Average Star Formation History in Low-Redshift Massive Galaxies
• The $10\mathrm{kpc}$ collar of early-type galaxies -- probing evolution by focusing on the inner stellar density profile
• Massive Neutrinos Promote the Size Growth of Early-Type Galaxies
• Structural evolution of quiescent galaxies at intermediate redshifts at UV and red rest-frame wavelengths
• Red Galaxies from Hot Halos in Cosmological Hydro Simulations
• Assembly Histories and Observational Properties of Simulated Early-type Galaxies
• The most massive galaxies with large depleted cores: structural parameter relations and black hole masses
• SDSS-IV MaNGA: How the stellar populations of passive central galaxies depend on stellar and halo mass
• Compact star forming galaxies as the progenitors of compact quiescent galaxies: clustering result
• COSTA: the COld STream finder Algorithm. Searching for kinematical substructures in the phase space of discrete tracers
• The Metallicity Distribution Function in Outer Halo Fields of Simulated Elliptical Galaxies Compared to Observations of NGC 5128
• Gas flows in galaxy mergers: supersonic turbulence in bridges, accretion from the circumgalactic medium, and metallicity dilution
• Size-Mass Relation Shows Its Colours: Contrasting Physical Imprints of Galaxy Evolution in Rest-Frame UV and Optical