JADES: Rest-frame UV-to-NIR Size Evolution of Massive Quiescent Galaxies from Redshift z=5 to z=0.5

Abstract

We present the UV-to-NIR size evolution of a sample of 161 quiescent galaxies (QGs) with $M_{\ast }>10^{10}{M}_{\odot }$ over $0.5<z<5$. With deep multi-band NIRCam images in GOODS-South from JADES, we measure the effective radii ($R_e$) of the galaxies at rest-frame 0.3, 0.5 and 1$\mu m$. On average, QGs are 45% (15%) more compact at rest-frame 1$\mu m$ than they are at 0.3$\mu m$ (0.5$\mu m$). Regardless of wavelengths, the $R_e$ of QGs strongly evolves with redshift, and this evolution depends on stellar mass. For lower-mass QGs with $M_{\ast }=10^{10}-10^{10.6}{M}_{\odot }$, the evolution follows $R_e\sim (1+z{)}^{-1.1}$, whereas it becomes steeper, following $R_e\sim (1+z{)}^{-1.7}$, for higher-mass QGs with $M_{\ast }>10^{10.6}{M}_{\odot }$. To constrain the physical mechanisms driving the apparent size evolution, we study the relationship between $R_e$ and the formation redshift ($z_{form}$) of QGs. For lower-mass QGs, this relationship is broadly consistent with $R_e\sim (1+z_{form}{)}^{-1}$, in line with the expectation of the progenitor effect. For higher-mass QGs, the relationship between $R_e$ and $z_{form}$ depends on stellar age. Older QGs have a steeper relationship between $R_e$ and $z_{form}$ than that expected from the progenitor effect alone, suggesting that mergers and/or post-quenching continuous gas accretion drive additional size growth in very massive systems. We find that the $z>3$ QGs in our sample are very compact, with mass surface densities ${\Sigma }_e\gtrsim 10^{10}{M}_{\odot }/{\mathrm{kpc}}^2$, and their $R_e$ are possibly even smaller than anticipated from the size evolution measured for lower-redshift QGs. Finally, we take a close look at the structure of GS-9209, one of the earliest confirmed massive QGs at $z_{spec}\sim 4.7$. From UV to NIR, GS-9209 becomes increasingly compact, and its light profile becomes more spheroidal, showing that the color gradient is already present in this earliest massive QG.

29 pages, 19 figures, accepted for publication in ApJ

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