The Evolution of the Star-forming Interstellar Medium across Cosmic Time

Abstract

Over the past decade increasingly robust estimates of the dense molecular gas content in galaxy populations between redshift 0 and the peak of cosmic galaxy/star formation from redshift 1-3 have become available. This rapid progress has been possible due to the advent of powerful ground-based, and space telescopes for combined study of several millimeter to far-IR, line or continuum tracers of the molecular gas and dust components. The main conclusions of this review are: 1. Star forming galaxies contained much more molecular gas at earlier cosmic epochs than at the present time. 2. The galaxy integrated depletion time scale for converting the gas into stars depends primarily on z or Hubble time, and at a given z, on the vertical location of a galaxy along the star-formation rate versus stellar mass "main-sequence" (MS) correlation. 3. Global rates of galaxy gas accretion primarily control the evolution of the cold molecular gas content and star formation rates of the dominant MS galaxy population, which in turn vary with the cosmological expansion. A second key driver may be global disk fragmentation in high-z, gas rich galaxies, which ties local free-fall time scales to galactic orbital times, and leads to rapid radial matter transport and bulge growth. Third, the low star formation efficiency inside molecular clouds is plausibly set by super-sonic streaming motions, and internal turbulence, which in turn may be driven by conversion of gravitational energy at high-z, and/or by local feedback from massive stars at low-z. 4. A simple 'gas regulator' model is remarkably successful in predicting the combined evolution of molecular gas fractions, star formation rates, galactic winds, and gas phase metallicities.

To be published in Annual Reviews of Astronomy and Astrophysics

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• A Global Census of Metals in the Universe
• Disentangling emission from star-forming regions in the Magellanic Clouds: Linking [OIII]88 micron and 24 micron
• Kinematic scaling relations of disc galaxies from ionised gas at $z\sim 1$ and their connection with dark matter haloes
• PRUSSIC III -- ALMA and NOEMA survey of dense gas in high-redshift star-forming galaxies
• Unveiling dust, molecular gas, and high star formation efficiency in extremely UV bright star-forming galaxies at $z\sim 2.1-3.6$
• On the Viability of Determining Galaxy Properties from Observations I: Star Formation Rates and Kinematics
• Assessing the dark matter content of two quasar host galaxies at z~6 through gas kinematics
• A Tentative Detection of Molecular Hydrogen (H${}_2$) Emission Lines at Cosmic Dawn
• Deep kiloparsec view of the molecular gas in a massive star-forming galaxy at cosmic noon
• The ALPINE-CRISTAL-JWST survey: spatially resolved star formation relations at $z\sim 5$
• Formation of Substructure in Luminous Submillimeter Galaxies (FOSSILS): Evidence of Multiple Pathways to Trigger Starbursts in Luminous Submillimeter Galaxies
• Active Galactic Nuclei and their demography through cosmic time
• A path towards constraining the evolution of the interstellar medium and outflows in the Milky Way using APOGEE
• Unveiling the Main Sequence to Starburst Transition Region with a Sample of Intermediate Redshift Luminous Infrared Galaxies
• A Shallow Slope for the Stellar Mass--Angular Momentum Relation of Star-Forming Galaxies at $1.5<z<2.5$
• Predicting HCN, HCO${}^{+}$, multi-transition CO, and dust emission of star-forming galaxies -- Extension to luminous infrared galaxies and the role of cosmic ray ionization
• A study of interacting galaxies from the Arp-Madore Catalogue: Triggering of star formation and nuclear activity
• Vz-GAL: Probing Cold Molecular Gas in Dusty Star-forming Galaxies at z=1-6
• The $H_2$ angular momentum -- mass relation of local disc galaxies
• Unveiling the Dark Side of UV/Optical Bright Galaxies: Optically Thick Dust Absorption
• ALMA Lensing Cluster Survey: Dust mass measurements as a function of redshift, stellar-mass and star formation rate, from z=1 to z=5
• Kennicutt-Schmidt relation of galaxies over 13 billion years in the COLIBRE hydrodynamical simulations
• Euclid preparation: TBD. Cosmic Dawn Survey: evolution of the galaxy stellar mass function across 0.2<z<6.5 measured over 10 square degrees
• Measuring the gas reservoirs in $10^8<$ M${}_{\star }<10^{11}$ M${}_{\odot }$ galaxies at $1\le z\le 3$
• Tracing obscured galaxy build-up at high redshift using deep radio surveys
• K-Band Imaging of the Nearby, Clumpy Turbulent Disk Galaxy DYNAMO G04-1
• A PAH deficit in the starburst core of a distant spiral galaxy
• Molecular gas content and high excitation of a massive main-sequence galaxy at z = 3
• CO-CHANGES II: spatially resolved IRAM 30M CO line observations of 23 nearby edge-on spiral galaxies
• Overdense fireworks in GOODS-N: Unveiling a record number of massive dusty star forming galaxies at z$\sim$5.2 with the N2CLS
• Characterizing CO Emitters in the SSA22-AzTEC26 Field
• MUSE-DARK-II: 3D morpho-kinematic modelling of lensed galaxies. Tully-Fisher relation of $z\sim 1$ star-forming galaxies
• Rotation Curves in z~1-2 Star-Forming Disks: Comparison of Dark Matter Fractions and Disk Properties for Different Fitting Methods
• Axion-photon conversion in stochastic magnetic fields
• Measuring the HI content of individual galaxies out to the epoch of reionization with [CII]
• Gamma Analytical Modeling Evolution (GAME) I: The physical implications of deriving the stellar mass functions from z=0 to z=8
• Molecular gas budget of strongly magnified low-mass star-forming galaxies at cosmic noon
• MUSE-ALMA Haloes XIII. Molecular gas in $z\sim 0.5$ HI-selected galaxies
• The LEGA-C galaxy survey: multiple quenching channels for quiescent galaxies at $z\sim 1$
• Recovering the properties of the interstellar medium through integrated spectroscopy: application to the z~0 ECO volume-limited star-forming galaxy sample
• Direct detection of cool molecular gas in a star-forming galaxy at $z=7.31$
• PHIBSS: Searching for Molecular Gas Outflows in Star-Forming Galaxies at $z=$ 0.5-2.6
• ALMA measures molecular gas reservoirs comparable to field galaxies in a low-mass galaxy cluster at z=1.3
• The ALPINE-CRISTAL-JWST Survey: Gas-phase abundance gradients of main sequence star-forming galaxies and their kinematics at $4<z<6$
• The Star Formation Factory revisited I. The impact of metallicity on collapsing star-forming clouds
• Hiding behind a curtain of dust: Gas and dust properties of an ultra-luminous strongly-lensed z = 3.75 galaxy behind the Milky Way disk
• Spatially non-parametric recovery of intrinsic kinematic maps in pre- to post-merger galaxies
• Kiloparsec-scale imaging of the CO(1-0)-traced cold molecular gas reservoir in a z~3.4 submillimeter galaxy
• Forward-modelling the Luminosity, Distance, and Size distributions of the Milky Way Satellites
• Dust and gas modelling in radiative transfer simulations of disc-dominated galaxies with RADMC-3D
• Environmental Sculpting of Galaxy Structure at Fixed Stellar Mass: A Multi-Scale Analysis Across Cosmic Time using 3 Million HSC Galaxies
• Licking the plate: dusty star-forming galaxies buried in the ALMA calibration data
• Cosmological simulations predict that AGN preferentially live in gas-rich, star-forming galaxies despite effective feedback
• Unveiling the evolution of the CO excitation ladder through cross-correlation of CONCERTO-like experiments and galaxy redshift surveys
• Physical Characterization of Serendipitously Uncovered Millimeter-wave Line-emitting Galaxies at z~2.5 behind the Local Luminous Infrared Galaxy VV114
• HI and H${}_2$ gas evolution over cosmic times: ColdSIM
• Rapid sinking and efficient mergers of supermassive black holes in compact high-redshift galaxies
• Now you see it, now you don't: Star formation truncation precedes the loss of molecular gas by ~100 Myr in massive post-starburst galaxies at z~0.6
• The Baryon Budget of Galaxies across the First Billion Years
• Black Hole-Galaxy Correlations in Cluster Zoomed-in Simulations: GIZMO-SIMBA and TNG-Cluster
• The multiwavelength structure of post-starburst galaxies at 0.5 < z < 3 with JWST PRIMER: compact morphologies and residual disturbances
• Star Formation
• AGN Feedback: The impact of galactic-scale radio jets on the interstellar medium in starbursting obscured AGN
• NeutralUniverseMachine: Predictions of HI gas in Different Theoretical Models