CONCERTO: High-fidelity simulation of millimeter line emissions of galaxies and [CII] intensity mapping

Abstract

The intensity mapping of the [CII] 158um line redshifted to the sub-mm window is a promising probe of the z>4 star formation and its spatial distribution into the large-scale structure. To prepare the first-generation experiments (e.g., CONCERTO), we need realistic simulations of the sub-mm extragalactic sky in spectroscopy. We present a new version of the SIDES simulation including the main sub-mm lines around 1mm (CO, [CII], [CI]). This approach successfully reproduces the observed line luminosity functions. We then use our simulation to generate CONCERTO-like cubes (125-305GHz) and forecast the power spectra of the fluctuations caused by the various astrophysical components at those frequencies. Depending on our assumptions on the relation between star formation rate and [CII] luminosity, and the star formation history, our predictions of the z~6 [CII] power spectrum vary by two orders of magnitude. This highlights how uncertain the predictions are and how important future measurements will be to improve our understanding of this early epoch. SIDES can reproduce the CO shot noise recently measured at ~100 GHz by the mmIME experiment. Finally, we compare the contribution of the different astrophysical components at various redshift to the power spectra. The continuum is by far the brightest, by a factor of 3 to 100 depending on the frequency. At 300GHz, the CO foreground power spectrum is higher than the [CII] one for our base scenario. At lower frequency, the contrast between [CII] and extragalactic foregrounds is even worse. Masking the known galaxies from deep surveys should allow to reduce the foregrounds to 20% of the [CII] power spectrum up to z~6.5. However, this masking method will not be sufficient at higher redshifts. The code and the products of our simulation are released publicly and can be used for both intensity mapping experiments and sub-mm continuum and line surveys.

arXiv comment28 pages, 19 figures, 2 tables, accepted by A&A, the code and the products are available at https://cesamsi.lam.fr/instance/sides/home

References in corpus (156)

• Array Programming with NumPy
• Astropy: A Community Python Package for Astronomy
• Planck 2015 results. XIII. Cosmological parameters
• Galactic Stellar and Substellar Initial Mass Function
• Cosmic Star Formation History
• Binary companions of evolved stars in APOGEE DR14: Search method and catalog of ~5,000 companions
• The Average Star Formation Histories of Galaxies in Dark Matter Halos from z=0-8
• Infrared Emission from Interstellar Dust. IV. The Silicate-Graphite-PAH Model in the Post-Spitzer Era
• Simulating Galaxy Formation with the IllustrisTNG Model
• Galactic star formation and accretion histories from matching galaxies to dark matter haloes
• Rotating Nuclear Rings and Extreme Starbursts in Ultraluminous Galaxies
• UV Luminosity Functions at redshifts z~4 to z~10: 10000 Galaxies from HST Legacy Fields
• UniverseMachine: The Correlation between Galaxy Growth and Dark Matter Halo Assembly from z=0-10
• The COSMOS2015 Catalog: Exploring the 1<z<6 Universe with half a million galaxies
• Cool Gas in High Redshift Galaxies
• Mass assembly in quiescent and star-forming galaxies since z=4 from UltraVISTA
• The Large Scale Bias of Dark Matter Halos: Numerical Calibration and Model Tests
• A Study of the Gas-Star Formation Relation over Cosmic Time
• PHIBSS: molecular gas content and scaling relations in z~1-3 normal star forming galaxies
• The Molecular Interstellar Medium in Ultraluminous Infrared Galaxies
• Molecular Gas at High Redshift
• The Herschel view of the dominant mode of galaxy growth from z=4 to the present day
• Different star formation laws for disks versus starbursts at low and high redshifts
• Combined CO & Dust Scaling Relations of Depletion Time and Molecular Gas Fractions with Cosmic Time, Specific Star Formation Rate and Stellar Mass
• UV Luminosity Functions at z~4, 5, and 6 from the HUDF and other Deep HST ACS Fields: Evolution and Star Formation History
• The Evolving Interstellar Medium of Star Forming Galaxies Since z=2 as Probed by Their Infrared Spectral Energy Distributions
• The Interstellar Medium In Galaxies Seen A Billion Years After The Big Bang
• The Evolution of the Star-forming Interstellar Medium across Cosmic Time
• The applicability of FIR fine-structure lines as Star Formation Rate tracers over wide ranges of metallicities and galaxy types
• EMERGE - An empirical model for the formation of galaxies since $z\sim 10$
• On the effect of the Cosmic Microwave Background in high-redshift (sub-)millimeter observations
• Regularity underlying complexity: a redshift-independent description of the continuous variation of galaxy-scale molecular gas properties in the mass-star formation rate plane
• Modelling the infrared galaxy evolution using a phenomenological approach
• Planck 2013 results. XXX. Cosmic infrared background measurements and implications for star formation
• The galaxy stellar mass function at 3.5<z<7.5 in the CANDELS/UDS, GOODS-South, and HUDF fields
• Full-Data Results of Hubble Frontier Fields: UV Luminosity Functions at $z\sim 6-10$ and a Consistent Picture of Cosmic Reionization
• CO excitation of normal star forming galaxies out to z=1.5 as regulated by the properties of their interstellar medium
• Foreground simulations for the LOFAR - Epoch of Reionization Experiment
• Validation of the equilibrium model for galaxy evolution to z~3 through molecular gas and dust observations of lensed star-forming galaxies
• Lower-Luminosity Galaxies could reionize the Universe: Very Steep Faint-End Slopes to the UV Luminosity Functions at z>=5-8 from the HUDF09 WFC3/IR Observations
• A dominant population of optically invisible massive galaxies in the early Universe
• The UV Luminosity Function of star-forming galaxies via dropout selection at redshifts z ~ 7 and 8 from the 2012 Ultra Deep Field campaign
• The ALPINE-ALMA [CII] Survey: data processing, catalogs, and statistical source properties
• ALMA Spectroscopic Survey in the Hubble Ultra Deep Field: Survey Description
• Halo and Subhalo Demographics with Planck Cosmological Parameters: Bolshoi-Planck and MultiDark-Planck Simulations
• Planck Early Results XVIII: The power spectrum of cosmic infrared background anisotropies
• The assembly of "normal" galaxies at z=7 probed by ALMA
• The ALPINE-ALMA [CII] Survey: The nature, luminosity function and star formation history of dusty galaxies up to z~6
• The [CII] 158 micron line emission in high-redshift galaxies
• [CII] 158 $\mu$m Emission as a Star Formation Tracer
• Evolution of the atomic and molecular gas content of galaxies
• An Intensely Star-Forming Galaxy at z~7 with Low Dust and Metal Content Revealed by Deep ALMA and HST Observations
• On the [CII]-SFR relation in high redshift galaxies
• The impact of clustering and angular resolution on far-infrared and millimeter continuum observations
• Intensity Mapping of the [CII] Fine Structure Line during the Epoch of Reionization
• The Evolution of the IR Luminosity Function and Dust-obscured Star Formation in the Last 13 Billion Years
• The Herschel Comprehensive (U)LIRG Emission Survey (HerCULES): CO Ladders, fine structure lines, and neutral gas cooling
• Star formation relations and CO SLEDs across the J-ladder and redshift
• Photodissociation and X-Ray Dominated Regions
• The ALPINE-ALMA [CII] survey. Little to no evolution in the [CII]-SFR relation over the last 13 Gyr
• The ALMA Spectroscopic Survey in the HUDF: CO luminosity functions and the molecular gas content of galaxies through cosmic history
• A survey of the cold molecular gas in gravitationally lensed star-forming galaxies at z>2
• The VLA-COSMOS 3 GHz Large Project: The cosmic star formation history since z~5
• HerMES: Cosmic Infrared Background Anisotropies and the Clustering of Dusty Star-Forming Galaxies
• Line-Intensity Mapping: 2017 Status Report
• COLDz: Shape of the CO Luminosity Function at High Redshift and the Cold Gas History of the Universe
• The ALPINE-ALMA [CII] Survey: Multi-Wavelength Ancillary Data and Basic Physical Measurements
• Star formation and the interstellar medium in z>6 UV-luminous Lyman-break galaxies
• Predictions for the CO emission of galaxies from a coupled simulation of galaxy formation and photon dominated regions
• Deep into the structure of the first galaxies: SERRA views
• L'CO/LFIR Relations with CO Rotational Ladders of Galaxies Across the Herschel SPIRE Archive
• Normal, Dust-Obscured Galaxies in the Epoch of Reionization
• BLAST: Correlations in the Cosmic Far-Infrared Background at 250, 350, and 500 microns Reveal Clustering of Star-Forming Galaxies
• The star-formation rate density from z = 0-6
• The Brightest Galaxies in the Dark Ages: Galaxies' Dust Continuum Emission During the Reionization Era
• [CII] emission in z ~ 6 strongly lensed, star-forming galaxies
• Interpreting ALMA Observations of the ISM During the Epoch of Reionisation
• ALMA spectroscopic survey in the Hubble Ultra Deep Field: CO luminosity functions and the evolution of the cosmic density of molecular gas
• Molecular gas in the Herschel-selected strongly lensed submillimeter galaxies at z~2-4 as probed by multi-J CO lines
• The ALPINE-ALMA [CII] survey: Dust attenuation properties and obscured star formation at z~4.4-5.8
• The ALMA Spectroscopic Survey in the HUDF: CO Excitation and Atomic Carbon in Star-Forming Galaxies at $z=1-3$
• High-J CO Versus Far-Infrared Relations in Normal and Starburst Galaxies
• Sub-millimetre galaxies reside in dark matter halos with masses greater than 3x10^11 solar masses
• PHIBSS2: survey design and z=0.5-0.8 results. Molecular gas reservoirs during the winding-down of star formation
• Missing [CII] emission from early galaxies
• CI emission in Ultra Luminous Infrared Galaxies as a molecular gas mass tracer
• ALMA Observation of 158 micron [CII] Line and Dust Continuum of a z=7 Normally Star-forming Galaxy in the Epoch of Reionization
• A physical model for [CII] line emission from galaxies
• The redshift-evolution of the distribution of star formation among dark matter halos as seen in the infrared
• The ALMA Spectroscopic Survey in the HUDF: Multi-band constraints on line luminosity functions and the cosmic density of molecular gas
• An ALMA/NOEMA survey of the molecular gas properties of high-redshift star-forming galaxies
• ALMA Spectroscopic Survey in the Hubble Ultra Deep Field: Search for [CII] line and dust emission in 6<z<8 galaxies
• A Molecular Line Scan in the Hubble Deep Field North: Constraints on the CO Luminosity Function and the Cosmic H2 Density
• SIGAME simulations of the [CII], [OI] and [OIII] line emission from star forming galaxies at z ~ 6
• The ALPINE-ALMA [CII] Survey: Obscured Star Formation Rate Density and Main Sequence of star-forming galaxies at z>4
• Using [CI] to probe the Interstellar Medium in z~2.5 Sub-Millimeter Galaxies
• Molecular gas content in strongly-lensed z~1.5-3 star-forming galaxies with low IR luminosities
• Correlated Anisotropies in the Cosmic Far-Infrared Background Detected by MIPS/Spitzer: Constraint on the Bias
• Clustering of Lyman Break Galaxies at z=4 and 5 in The Subaru Deep Field: Luminosity Dependence of The Correlation Function Slope
• Improved Models for Cosmic Infrared Background Anisotropies: New Constraints on the IR Galaxy Population
• The SCUBA-2 Cosmology Legacy Survey: The clustering of submillimetre galaxies in the UKIDSS UDS field
• Mapping the Dark Matter From UV Light at High Redshift: An Empirical Approach to Understand Galaxy Statistics
• ALMA [CII] detection of a redshift 7 lensed galaxy behind RXJ1347.1-1145
• Connecting stellar mass and star-formation rate to dark matter halo mass out to z ~ 2
• Intensity mapping of [CII] from early galaxies
• The properties of the interstellar medium of galaxies across time as traced by the neutral atomic carbon [CI]
• On Removing Interloper Contamination from Intensity Mapping Power Spectrum Measurements
• Clustering properties of BzK-selected galaxies in GOODS-N: environmental quenching and triggering of star formation at z ~ 2
• CO line emission from galaxies in the Epoch of Reionization
• The art of modeling CO, [CI], and [CII] in cosmological galaxy formation models
• A wide field-of-view low-resolution spectrometer at APEX: instrument design and science forecast
• Probing the galaxy-halo connection in UltraVISTA to $z\sim 2$
• Modelling CO emission from hydrodynamic simulations of nearby spirals, starbursting mergers, and high-redshift galaxies
• Fast simulations for intensity mapping experiments
• Starbursting [O III] emitters and quiescent [C II] emitters in the reionization era
• Illuminating the dark side of cosmic star formation two billion years after the Big Bang
• Molecular gas as the driver of fundamental galactic relations
• Spectral Line De-confusion in an Intensity Mapping Survey
• Planck's dusty GEMS. VI. Multi-J CO excitation and interstellar medium conditions in dusty starburst galaxies at z=2-4
• An Intensity Mapping Detection of Aggregate CO Line Emission at 3 mm
• Physical properties and evolution of (Sub-)millimeter selected galaxies in the galaxy formation simulation Shark
• Foreground contamination in Ly-alpha intensity mapping during the epoch of reionization
• CO emission in distant galaxies on and above the main sequence
• ALMA Lensing Cluster Survey: Bright [CII] 158 $\mu$m Lines from a Multiply Imaged Sub-$L^{\star }$ Galaxy at $z=6.0719$
• The history of star formation from the cosmic infrared background anisotropies
• A Foreground Masking Strategy for [CII] Intensity Mapping Experiments Using Galaxies Selected by Stellar Mass and Redshift
• The COSMOS-UltraVISTA stellar-to-halo mass relationship: new insights on galaxy formation efficiency out to $z\sim 5$
• Photodissociation Region Diagnostics Across Galactic Environments
• An empirical representation of a physical model for the ISM [CII], CO, and [CI] emission at redshift $1\le z\le 9$
• Clustering, host halos and environment of z$\sim$2 galaxies as a function of their physical properties
• Simple halo model formalism for the cosmic infrared background and its correlation with the thermal Sunyaev Zel'dovich effect
• ALMA Finds Dew Drops in the Dusty Spider's Web
• Phase-Space Spectral Line De-confusion in Intensity Mapping
• Redshift space 21 cm power spectra from reionization
• The [CII]--SFR correlation in dwarf galaxies across cosmic time
• Multitracer cosmological line intensity mapping mock lightcone simulation
• Where stars form and live at high redshift: clues from the infrared
• The ALPINE-ALMA [C II] Survey: [C II]158micron Emission Line Luminosity Functions at $z\sim 4-6$
• A multi-wavelength de-blended Herschel view of the statistical properties of dusty star-forming galaxies across cosmic time
• Forecasting [C II] line-intensity mapping measurements between the end of reionization and the epoch of galaxy assembly
• CO luminosity function from Herschel-selected galaxies and the contribution of AGN
• Mapping metals at high redshift with far-infrared lines
• Studying high-z galaxies with [CII] intensity mapping
• COMAP Early Science: VII. Prospects for CO Intensity Mapping at Reionization
• [CII] line intensity mapping the epoch of reionization with the Prime-Cam on FYST
• Modeling the evolution of infrared galaxies : clustering of galaxies in the Cosmic Infrared Background
• The Galaxy--Halo Connection in High-Redshift Universe: Details and Evolution of Stellar-to-Halo Mass Ratios of Lyman Break Galaxies on CFHTLS Deep Fields
• The PEP survey: clustering of infrared-selected galaxies and structure formation at z~2 in the GOODS South
• The Galaxy-Halo Connection for $1.5\lesssim z\lesssim 5$ as revealed by the \emph{Spitzer} Matching survey of the UltraVISTA ultra-deep Stripes
• The bright end of the infrared luminosity functions and the abundance of hyperluminous infrared galaxies
• The ALMA Spectroscopic Survey in the HUDF: A Search for [CII] Emitters at $6\le z\le 8$
• Blending bias impacts the host halo masses derived from a cross-correlation analysis of bright sub-millimetre galaxies
• CII and HI 21-cm line intensity mapping from the EoR: Impact of the light-cone effect on auto and cross-power spectra
• The ALMA Spectroscopic Survey in the HUDF: Constraining the Molecular Content at $\log (M_{\ast }/M_{\odot })\sim 9.5$ with CO stacking of MUSE detected $z\sim 1.5$ Galaxies
• The very wide-field $gzK$ galaxy survey -- II. The relationship between star-forming galaxies at $z\sim 2$ and their host haloes based upon HOD modelling
• Foreground and sensitivity analysis for broad band (2D) 21cm--Ly-alpha and 21cm--H-alpha correlation experiments probing the Epoch of Reionization

Cited by in corpus (35)

• Line-Intensity Mapping: Theory Review
• [CII] line intensity mapping the epoch of reionization with the Prime-Cam on FYST
• An ALMA Spectroscopic Survey of the Brightest Submillimeter Galaxies in the SCUBA-2-COSMOS Field (AS2COSPEC): Physical Properties of z=2-5 Ultra- and Hyperluminous Infrared Galaxies
• A NOEMA molecular line scan of the Hubble Deep Field North: Improved constraints on the CO luminosity functions and cosmic density of molecular gas
• LIMFAST. II. Line Intensity Mapping as a Probe of High-Redshift Galaxy Formation
• LIMFAST. I. A Semi-Numerical Tool for Line Intensity Mapping
• NIKA2 Cosmological Legacy Survey: Survey Description and Galaxy Number Counts
• Forecasts and Statistical Insights for Line Intensity Mapping Cross-Correlations: A Case Study with 21cm x [CII]
• A multi-tracer empirically-driven approach to line-intensity mapping lightcones
• Extragalactic CO emission lines in the CMB experiments: a forgotten signal and a foreground
• CONCERTO: Extracting the power spectrum of the [C II ] emission line
• Spritz is sparkling: simulated CO and [CII] luminosities
• Confusion of extragalactic sources in the far infrared: a baseline assessment of the performance of PRIMAger in intensity and polarization
• SIMPLE: Simple Intensity Map Producer for Line Emission
• Characteristic Functions for Cosmological Cross-Correlations
• Bayesian Multi-line Intensity Mapping
• On the contributions of extragalactic CO emission lines to ground-based CMB observations
• $\text{slick}$: Modeling a Universe of Molecular Line Luminosities in Hydrodynamical Simulations
• PITSZI: Probing Intra-cluster medium Turbulence with Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Imaging -- Application to the triple merging cluster MACS J0717.5+3745
• ALMACAL XIII. Evolution of the CO luminosity function and the molecular gas mass density out to $z$ ~ 6
• Three-Dimensional Stacking as a Line Intensity Mapping Statistic
• Leveraging cross-correlations and linear covariance-based filtering for line-intensity map reconstructions at linear scales
• [CII] luminosity models and large-scale image cubes based on COSMOS 2020 and ALPINE-ALMA [CII] data back to the epoch of reionisation
• Continuum, CO and Water vapour maps of the Orion Nebula. First millimetre spectral imaging with Concerto
• Constraining the halo-ISM connection through multi-transition carbon monoxide line-intensity mapping
• Removal of interloper contamination to line-intensity maps using correlations with ancillary tracers of the large-scale structure
• A mock redshift catalogue of the dusty star-forming galaxy population with intrinsic clustering and lensing for deep millimetre surveys
• The informativeness of [C II] line-intensity mapping as a probe of the H I content and metallicity of galaxies at the end of reionization
• oLIMpus: An Effective Model for Line Intensity Mapping Auto- and Cross- Power Spectra in Cosmic Dawn and Reionization
• CosmoGLINT: Cosmological Generative Model for Line Intensity Mapping with Transformer
• Constraining the [CII] luminosity function from the power spectrum of line-intensity maps at redshift 3.6
• Far-infrared lines hidden in archival deep multi-wavelength surveys: Limits on [CII]-158$\mu$m at $z\sim 0.3-2.9$
• Unveiling the evolution of the CO excitation ladder through cross-correlation of CONCERTO-like experiments and galaxy redshift surveys
• Challenges of standard halo models in constraining galaxy properties from CIB anisotropies
• The NIKA2 cosmological legacy survey at 2 mm: catalogs, colors, redshift distributions, and implications for deep surveys