A dominant population of optically invisible massive galaxies in the early Universe

Abstract

Our current knowledge of cosmic star-formation history during the first two billion years (corresponding to redshift z >3) is mainly based on galaxies identified in rest-frame ultraviolet light. However, this population of galaxies is known to under-represent the most massive galaxies, which have rich dust content and/or old stellar populations. This raises the questions of the true abundance of massive galaxies and the star-formation-rate density in the early universe. Although several massive galaxies that are invisible in the ultraviolet have recently been confirmed at early epochs, most of them are extreme starbursts with star-formation rates exceeding 1000 solar masses per year, suggesting that they are unlikely to represent the bulk population of massive galaxies. Here we report submillimeter (wavelength 870um) detections of 39 massive star-forming galaxies at z > 3, which are unseen in the spectral region from the deepest ultraviolet to the near-infrared. With a space density of about $2\times 10^{-5}$ per cubic megaparsec (two orders of magnitudes higher than extreme starbursts) and star-formation rates of 200 solar masses per year, these galaxies represent the bulk population of massive galaxies that have been missed from previous surveys. They contribute a total star-formation-rate density ten times larger than that of equivalently massive ultraviolet-bright galaxies at z >3. Residing in the most massive dark matter halos at their redshifts, they are probably the progenitors of the largest present-day galaxies in massive groups and clusters. Such a high abundance of massive and dusty galaxies in the early universe challenges our understanding of massive-galaxy formation.

arXiv comment17 pages, 12 figures, 2 tables. Authors' version. Published online by Nature on 07 Aug 2019

References in corpus (72)

• Stellar population synthesis at the resolution of 2003
• Galactic Stellar and Substellar Initial Mass Function
• Cosmic Star Formation History
• The UKIRT Infrared Deep Sky Survey (UKIDSS)
• CANDELS: The Cosmic Assembly Near-infrared Deep Extragalactic Legacy Survey
• Infrared Emission from Interstellar Dust. IV. The Silicate-Graphite-PAH Model in the Post-Spitzer Era
• CANDELS: The Cosmic Assembly Near-infrared Deep Extragalactic Legacy Survey - The Hubble Space Telescope Observations, Imaging Data Products and Mosaics
• EAZY: A Fast, Public Photometric Redshift Code
• The Great Observatories Origins Deep Survey: Initial Results From Optical and Near-Infrared Imaging
• CIGALE: a python Code Investigating GALaxy Emission
• UV Luminosity Functions at redshifts z~4 to z~10: 10000 Galaxies from HST Legacy Fields
• An ultra-deep near-infrared spectrum of a compact quiescent galaxy at z=2.2
• 3D-HST WFC3-selected Photometric Catalogs in the Five CANDELS/3D-HST Fields: Photometry, Photometric Redshifts and Stellar Masses
• The Herschel view of the dominant mode of galaxy growth from z=4 to the present day
• The Dust Opacity of Star-Forming Galaxies
• UltraVISTA: a new ultra-deep near-infrared survey in COSMOS
• The 3D-HST Survey: Hubble Space Telescope WFC3/G141 grism spectra, redshifts, and emission line measurements for $\sim 100,000$ galaxies
• Galaxy formation in the Planck Cosmology - I. Matching the observed evolution of star formation rates, colours and stellar masses
• The Merger Rates and Mass Assembly Histories of Dark Matter Haloes in the Two Millennium Simulations
• The Spitzer Legacy Survey of the HST-ACS 2 sq. deg. COSMOS Field: survey strategy and first analysis
• A Dust-Obscured Massive Maximum-Starburst Galaxy at a Redshift of 6.34
• Spectroscopic Confirmation of a Population of Normal Star-Forming Galaxies at Redshifts z>3
• An ALMA survey of Sub-millimeter Galaxies in the Extended Chandra Deep Field South: Physical properties derived from ultraviolet-to-radio modelling
• UV-continuum slopes at z~4-7 from the HUDF09+ERS+CANDELS observations: Discovery of a well-defined UV-color magnitude relationship for z>=4 star-forming galaxies
• The VLA-COSMOS 3 GHz Large Project: Continuum data and source catalog release
• Two bright submillimeter galaxies in a z=4.05 proto-cluster in GOODS-North, and accurate radio-infrared photometric redshifts
• The Cosmic Evolution Survey (COSMOS): Subaru Observations of the HST COSMOS Field
• An ALMA Survey of Submillimetre Galaxies in the Extended Chandra Deep Field South: The Far-Infrared Properties of SMGs
• The SCUBA-2 Cosmology Legacy Survey: 850um maps, catalogues and number counts
• Rest-frame ultraviolet-to-optical spectral characteristics of extremely metal-poor and metal-free galaxies
• The Subaru/XMM-Newton Deep Survey (SXDS) - II. Optical Imaging and Photometric Catalogs
• Kiloparsec-scale dust disks in high-redshift luminous submillimeter galaxies
• The abundance and clustering of dark haloes in the standard Lambda CDM cosmogony
• The Intense Starburst HDF850.1 in a Galaxy Overdensity at z=5.2 in the Hubble Deep Field
• The Radio-to-Submm Spectral Index as a Redshift Indicator
• The Multiwavelength Survey by Yale-Chile (MUSYC): Survey Design and Deep Public UBVRIz' Images and Catalogs of the Extended Hubble Deep Field South
• The Multiwavelength Survey by Yale-Chile (MUSYC): Deep Medium-Band optical imaging and high quality 32-band photometric redshifts in the ECDF-S
• A massive, quiescent galaxy at redshift of z=3.717
• The COSMOS-WIRCam near-infrared imaging survey: I: BzK selected passive and star forming galaxy candidates at z>1.4
• Galaxy growth in a massive halo in the first billion years of cosmic history
• The FourStar Galaxy Evolution Survey (ZFOURGE): ultraviolet to far-infrared catalogs, medium-bandwidth photometric redshifts with improved accuracy, stellar masses, and confirmation of quiescent galaxies to z~3.5
• Near infrared spectroscopy and star-formation histories of 3<z<4 quiescent galaxies
• A substantial population of massive quiescent galaxies at z~4 from ZFOURGE
• Dust temperature and mid-to-total infrared color distributions for star-forming galaxies at 0<z<4
• Great Optically Luminous Dropout Research Using Subaru HSC (GOLDRUSH). I. UV Luminosity Functions at $z\sim 4-7$ Derived with the Half-Million Dropouts on the 100 deg${}^2$ Sky
• Characterisation of SCUBA-2 450um and 850um-selected Galaxies in the COSMOS Field
• Deep U band and R imaging of GOODS-South: Observations,data reduction and first results
• The Great Observatories Origins Deep Survey - VLT/ISAAC Near-Infrared Imaging of the GOODS-South Field
• GOLDRUSH. II. Clustering of Galaxies at $z\sim 4-6$ Revealed with the Half-Million Dropouts Over the 100 deg${}^2$ Area Corresponding to 1 Gpc${}^3$
• A bright z=5.2 lensed submillimeter galaxy in the field of Abell 773: HLSJ091828.6+514223
• The Progenitors of the Compact Early-Type Galaxies at High-Redshift
• Slicing COSMOS with SC4K: the evolution of typical Lya emitters and the Lya escape fraction from z~2 to z~6
• The Hawk-I UDS and GOODS Survey (HUGS): Survey design and deep K-band number counts
• The Impossibly Early Galaxy Problem
• HerMES: Candidate High-Redshift Galaxies Discovered with Herschel/SPIRE
• The Taiwan ECDFS Near-Infrared Survey: Ultra-deep J and Ks Imaging in the Extended Chandra Deep Field-South
• Effects of Dust Geometry in Lyman Alpha Galaxies at z = 4.4
• Exploring the z=3-4 massive galaxy population with ZFOURGE: the prevalence of dusty and quiescent galaxies
• The SCUBA-2 Cosmology Legacy Survey: blank-field number counts of 450um-selected galaxies and their contribution to the cosmic infrared background
• Jekyll & Hyde: quiescence and extreme obscuration in a pair of massive galaxies 1.5 Gyr after the Big Bang
• Infrared color selection of massive galaxies at z > 3
• Studying the emergence of the red sequence through galaxy clustering: host halo masses at z > 2
• Massive Close Pairs Measure Rapid Galaxy Assembly in Mergers at High Redshift
• GaBoDS: The Garching-Bonn Deep Survey V. Data release of the ESO Deep-Public-Survey
• Observational evidence of a slow downfall of star formation efficiency in massive galaxies during the last 10 Gyr
• Submillimeter Number Counts at 250, 350 and 500 microns in BLAST data
• ALMA twenty-six arcmin${}^2$ survey of GOODS-S at one-millimeter (ASAGAO): Near-infrared-dark faint ALMA sources
• SCUBA-2 Ultra Deep Imaging EAO Survey (STUDIES): Faint-End Counts at 450 um
• Four IRAC Sources with an Extremely Red H-[3.6] Color: Passive or Dusty Galaxies at z>4.5?
• GOODS-ALMA: 1.1 mm galaxy survey - I. Source catalogue and optically dark galaxies
• Radio-quiet QSO environments - I. The correlation of QSOs and bj<23 galaxies
• The composite nature of Dust-Obscured Galaxies (DOGs) at z~2-3 in the COSMOS field: I. A Far-Infrared View

Cited by in corpus (143)

• Quiescent galaxies 1.5 billion years after the Big Bang and their progenitors
• An Atlas of Color-selected Quiescent Galaxies at $z>3$ in Public $JWST$ Fields
• High-redshift star formation in the ALMA era
• The ALPINE-ALMA [CII] Survey: The nature, luminosity function and star formation history of dusty galaxies up to z~6
• COSMOS2020: The Galaxy Stellar Mass Function: the assembly and star formation cessation of galaxies at $0.2<z\le 7.5$
• Galaxy Stellar Mass Functions from z~10 to z~6 using the Deepest Spitzer/IRAC Data: No Significant Evolution in the Stellar-to-Halo Mass Ratio of Galaxies in the First Gyr of Cosmic Time
• The ALMA Spectroscopic Survey Large Program: The Infrared Excess of z=1.5-10 UV-selected Galaxies and the Implied High-Redshift Star Formation History
• From galactic bars to the Hubble tension: weighing up the astrophysical evidence for Milgromian gravity
• Dusty Starbursts Masquerading as Ultra-high Redshift Galaxies in JWST CEERS Observations
• Normal, Dust-Obscured Galaxies in the Epoch of Reionization
• CEERS Key Paper V: A triality on the nature of HST-dark galaxies
• The ALPINE-ALMA [CII] survey: Dust attenuation properties and obscured star formation at z~4.4-5.8
• z~2-9 Galaxies Magnified by the Hubble Frontier Field Clusters II: Luminosity Functions and Constraints on a Faint-End Turnover
• A Search for H-Dropout Lyman Break Galaxies at z~12-16
• Unveiling the Nature of Infrared Bright, Optically Dark Galaxies with Early JWST Data
• The Massive Ancient Galaxies At $z>3$ NEar-infrared (MAGAZ3NE) Survey: Confirmation of Extremely Rapid Star-Formation and Quenching Timescales for Massive Galaxies in the Early Universe
• The ALMA REBELS Survey: The Dust-obscured Cosmic Star Formation Rate Density at Redshift 7
• Galaxy And Mass Assembly (GAMA): A forensic SED reconstruction of the cosmic star formation history and metallicity evolution by galaxy type
• RUBIES: a complete census of the bright and red distant Universe with JWST/NIRSpec
• An Extremely Massive Quiescent Galaxy at $z=3.493$: Evidence of Insufficiently Rapid Quenching Mechanisms in Theoretical Models
• The ALPINE-ALMA [CII] Survey: Obscured Star Formation Rate Density and Main Sequence of star-forming galaxies at z>4
• CCAT-prime Collaboration: Science Goals and Forecasts with Prime-Cam on the Fred Young Submillimeter Telescope
• Galaxy Build-up in the first 1.5 Gyr of Cosmic History: Insights from the Stellar Mass Function at $z\sim 4-9$ from JWST NIRCam Observations
• A dusty compact object bridging galaxies and quasars at cosmic dawn
• A SPectroscopic survey of biased halos In the Reionization Era (ASPIRE): JWST Reveals a Filamentary Structure around a z=6.61 Quasar
• JWST reveals a population of ultra-red, flattened disk galaxies at 2<z<6 previously missed by HST
• GOODS-ALMA 2.0: Source catalog, number counts, and prevailing compact sizes in 1.1 mm galaxies
• Dual constraints with ALMA: new [O III] 88 $\mu$m and dust-continuum observations reveal the ISM conditions of luminous LBGs at $z\sim 7$
• Structural evolution in massive galaxies at z~2
• Accurate dust temperature determination in a $z=7.13$ galaxy
• The ALMA Spectroscopic Survey in the HUDF: Deep 1.2 mm continuum number counts
• An ALMA survey of the S2CLS UDS field: Optically invisible submillimetre galaxies
• Illuminating the dark side of cosmic star formation two billion years after the Big Bang
• Significant Dust-Obscured Star Formation in Luminous Lyman-break Galaxies at $z$$\sim$$7$$-$$8$
• ALMA Lensing Cluster Survey: $HST$ and $Spitzer$ Photometry of 33 Lensed Fields Built with CHArGE
• Knocking on giants' doors: I. The evolution of the dust-to-stellar mass ratio in distant dusty galaxies
• MOND vs. dark matter in light of historical parallels
• Emergence of an Ultra-Red Ultra-Massive Galaxy Cluster Core at $z=4$
• CONCERTO: High-fidelity simulation of millimeter line emissions of galaxies and [CII] intensity mapping
• A new estimate of the cosmic star formation density from a radio-selected sample, and the contribution of $H$-dark galaxies at $z\ge 3$
• Characterization of Two 2mm-detected Optically-Obscured Dusty Star-Forming Galaxies
• Galaxy Evolution in all Five CANDELS Fields and IllustrisTNG: Morphological, Structural, and the Major Merger Evolution to $z\sim 3$
• GOODS-ALMA: The slow downfall of star-formation in $z$ = 2-3 massive galaxies
• FOREVER22: galaxy formation in protocluster regions
• Evolution of Galaxy Star Formation and Metallicity: Impact on Double Compact Objects Mergers
• COSMOS2020: Exploring the dawn of quenching for massive galaxies at 3 < z < 5 with a new colour selection method
• COALAS: I. ATCA CO(1-0) survey and luminosity function in the Spiderweb protocluster at z=2.16
• The emergence of passive galaxies in the early Universe
• High redshift JWST predictions from IllustrisTNG: III. Infrared luminosity functions, obscured star formation and dust temperature of high-redshift galaxies
• The hidden side of cosmic star formation at z > 3: Bridging optically-dark and Lyman break galaxies with GOODS-ALMA
• The ALMA REBELS Survey: The First Infrared Luminosity Function Measurement at $\mathbf{z \sim 7}
• Resolving a dusty, star-forming SHiZELS galaxy at z=2.2 with HST, ALMA and SINFONI on kiloparsec scales
• The LOFAR Two-metre Sky Survey: the radio view of the cosmic star formation history
• JWST's PEARLS: A JWST/NIRCam view of ALMA sources
• Search for Optically Dark Infrared Galaxies without Counterparts of Subaru Hyper Suprime-Cam in the AKARI North Ecliptic Pole Wide Survey Field
• Unveiling the hidden universe with JWST: The contribution of dust-obscured galaxies to the stellar mass function at $z\sim 3-8$
• GOODS-ALMA: Optically dark ALMA galaxies shed light on a cluster in formation at z = 3.5
• ALMA Lensing Cluster Survey: ALMA-Herschel Joint Study of Lensed Dusty Star-Forming Galaxies across $z\simeq 0.5-6$
• JWST CEERS probes the role of stellar mass and morphology in obscuring galaxies
• Blue Rest-Frame UV-Optical Colors in z~8 Galaxies from GREATS: Very Young Stellar Populations at ~650 Myr of Cosmic Time
• Accelerated galaxy growth and environmental quenching in a protocluster at z=3.24
• The Number Densities and Stellar Populations of Massive Galaxies at 3 < z < 6: A Diverse, Rapidly Forming Population in the Early Universe
• $JWST$ Insight Into a Lensed $HST$-dark Galaxy and its Quiescent Companion at $z=2.58$
• ALMA Deep Field in SSA22: A near-infrared-dark submillimeter galaxy at z=4.0
• No [CII] or dust detection in two Little Red Dots at z${}_{\mathrm{spec}}$ > 7
• Balmer Break Galaxy Candidates at $z\sim 6$: a Potential View on the Star-Formation Activity at $z\gtrsim 14$
• Multi-wavelength properties of radio and machine-learning identified counterparts to submillimeter sources in S2COSMOS
• Delving deep: a population of extremely dusty dwarfs observed by JWST
• The UV Luminosity Function of Protocluster Galaxies at $z\sim 4$: the Bright-end Excess and the Enhanced Star Formation Rate Density
• A${}^3$COSMOS and A${}^3$GOODSS: Continuum Source Catalogues and Multi-band Number Counts
• A census of optically dark massive galaxies in the early Universe from magnification by lensing galaxy clusters
• Reconstructing the observed ionizing photon production efficiency at z~2 using stellar population models
• Broad emission lines in optical spectra of hot dust-obscured galaxies can contribute significantly to JWST/NIRCam photometry
• Toward a concordance teleparallel Cosmology II: Linear perturbation
• CEERS: MIRI deciphers the spatial distribution of dust-obscured star formation in galaxies at $0.1<z<2.5$
• Growth of Supermassive Black Hole Seeds in ETG Star-Forming Progenitors: Multiple Merging of Stellar Compact Remnants via Gaseous Dynamical Friction and Gravitational Wave Emission
• High-resolution ALMA study of CO (2-1) line and dust continuum emissions in cluster galaxies at z = 1.46
• A population of ultraviolet-dim protoclusters detected in absorption
• GOODS-ALMA: Using IRAC and VLA to probe fainter millimeter galaxies
• Missing Giants: Predictions on Dust-Obscured Galaxy Stellar Mass Assembly Throughout Cosmic Time
• Are the host galaxies of Long Gamma-Ray Bursts more compact than star-forming galaxies of the field?
• On the Nature of AGN and Star Formation Enhancement in the $z=3.1$ SSA22 Protocluster: The HST WFC3 IR View
• A photo-z cautionary tale: Redshift confirmation of COSBO-7 at z=2.625
• Simulating JWST/NIRCam Color Selection of High-Redshift Galaxies
• A Submillimeter Perspective on the GOODS Fields (SUPER GOODS). V. Deep 450 Micron Imaging
• JWST/MIRI reveals the true number density of massive galaxies in the early Universe
• Hydrodynamical structure formation in Milgromian cosmology
• FIR-luminous [CII] emitters in the ALMA-SCUBA-2 COSMOS survey (AS2COSMOS): The nature of submillimeter galaxies in a 10 comoving Mpc-scale structure at z~4.6
• SCUBA-2 Ultra Deep Imaging EAO Survey (STUDIES) IV: Spatial clustering and halo masses of 450-$\mu$m-selected sub-millimeter galaxies
• The evolution of compact massive quiescent and starforming galaxies derived from the $R_e-R_h$ and $M_{\mathrm{star}}-M_h$ relations
• An ultra-deep multi-band VLA survey of the faint radio sky (COSMOS-XS): New constraints on the cosmic star formation history
• Illuminating the Dark Side of Cosmic Star Formation III: Building the largest homogeneous sample of Radio-Selected Dusty Star-Forming Galaxies in COSMOS with PhoEBO
• PANORAMIC: Discovery of an Ultra-Massive Grand-Design Spiral Galaxy at $z\sim 5.2$
• Not-so-little Red Dots: Two massive and dusty starbursts at z~5-7 pushing the limits of star formation discovered by JWST in the COSMOS-Web survey
• Estimating Dust Temperature and Far-IR Luminosity of High-Redshift Galaxies using ALMA Single-Band Continuum Observations
• The VLA Frontier Fields Survey: Deep, High-resolution Radio Imaging of the MACS Lensing Clusters at 3 and 6 GHz
• A titanic interstellar medium ejection from a massive starburst galaxy at redshift 1.4
• Formation of compact galaxies in the Extreme-Horizon simulation
• ALMA resolves the first strongly-lensed Optical/NIR-dark galaxy
• Do current X-ray observations capture most of the black-hole accretion at high redshifts?
• NOEMA confirmation of an optically dark ALMA-AzTEC submillimetre galaxy at $z=5.24$. A late-stage starburst prior to quenching
• Deep Spitzer/IRAC Data for z~10 galaxies Reveal Blue Balmer Break Colors: Young Stellar Populations at ~500 Myr of Cosmic Time
• Hubble Frontier Field Clusters and their Parallel Fields: Photometric and Photometric Redshift Catalogs
• A${}^3$COSMOS: Measuring the cosmic dust-attenuated star formation rate density at $4<z<5$
• JADES Ultra-red Flattened Objects: Morphologies and Spatial Gradients in Color and Stellar Populations
• A Submillimeter Survey of Faint Galaxies Behind Ten Strong Lensing Clusters
• New JWST redshifts for the host galaxies of CDF-S XT1 and XT2: understanding their nature
• Multiwavelength dissection of a massive heavily dust-obscured galaxy and its blue companion at z $\sim$2
• GalaPy, the highly optimised C++/Python spectral modelling tool for galaxies -- I. Library presentation and photometric fitting
• HSC-CLAUDS survey: The star formation rate functions since z ~ 2 and comparison with hydrodynamical simulations
• NOEMA reveals the true nature of luminous red JWST z>10 galaxy candidates
• Understanding the spatial variation of \ion{Mg}{II} and ionizing photon escape in a local LyC leaker
• PRIMER: JWST/MIRI reveals the evolution of star-forming structures in galaxies at z<2.5
• Enhanced spectrum of primordial perturbations, galaxy formation and small scale structure
• Spectroscopic confirmation of a dust-obscured, metal-rich dwarf galaxy at z~5
• Low-frequency radio spectra of submillimetre galaxies in the Lockman Hole
• Euclid: Identifying the reddest high-redshift galaxies in the Euclid Deep Fields with gradient-boosted trees
• Investigating the Growth of Little Red Dot Descendants at z<4 with the JWST
• Large format imaging spectrograph for the Large Submillimeter Telescope (LST)
• The H$\alpha$ and [O III] $\lambda 5007$ Luminosity Functions of $1.2<z<1.9$ Emission-Line Galaxies from HST Grism Spectroscopy
• A Systematic Search for Reddest Far-infrared and Sub-millimeter Galaxies: revealing dust-embedded starbursts at high redshifts
• Going deeper into the dark with COSMOS-Web: JWST unveils the total contribution of Radio-Selected NIRfaint galaxies to the cosmic Star Formation Rate Density
• Revealing the hidden cosmic feast: A z=4.3 galaxy group hosting two optically dark, efficiently star-forming galaxies
• Behind the dust veil: A panchromatic view of an optically dark galaxy at z=4.82
• "Dust Giant": Extended and Clumpy Star-Formation in a Massive Dusty Galaxy at $z=1.38$
• Formation of Substructure in Luminous Submillimeter Galaxies (FOSSILS): Evidence of Multiple Pathways to Trigger Starbursts in Luminous Submillimeter Galaxies
• Gravitational wave backgrounds from coalescing black hole binaries at cosmic dawn: an upper bound
• Strength in Numbers: Red Galaxies Bolster the Cosmic Star Formation Rate Density at z > 3
• H1821+643: The most X-ray and infrared luminous AGN in the Swift/BAT survey in the process of rapid stellar and supermassive black hole mass assembly
• Simulating infrared spectro-photometric surveys with a SPRITZ
• Compact dust-obscured star-formation and the origin of the galaxy bimodality
• Overdense fireworks in GOODS-N: Unveiling a record number of massive dusty star forming galaxies at z$\sim$5.2 with the N2CLS
• A Bending in the Size-mass Relation of Star-forming Galaxies across $0.5<z<6.0$ at a Critical Stellar Mass of $10^{10}{M}_{\odot }$ Revealed by JWST
• ULTIMATE-deblending I. A 50-band Ultraviolet to Mid-infrared Photometric Catalog Combining Space- and Ground-based Data in the JWST/PRIMER survey
• Tight correlation of star formation with [Ci] and CO lines across cosmic time
• HELM's deep: Highly Extincted Low-Mass galaxies seen by JWST
• Spectral energy distribution similarity of the local galaxies and the 3.6um selected galaxies from the Spitzer Extended Deep Survey
• The Nature of Hyperluminous Infrared Galaxies
• Searching for high-z DSFGs with NIKA2 and NOEMA
• Hiding behind a curtain of dust: Gas and dust properties of an ultra-luminous strongly-lensed z = 3.75 galaxy behind the Milky Way disk
• Extensive Lensing Survey of Optical and Near-Infrared Dark Objects (El Sonido): HST H-Faint Galaxies behind 101 Lensing Clusters
• The NIKA2 cosmological legacy survey at 2 mm: catalogs, colors, redshift distributions, and implications for deep surveys
• Understanding galaxy formation and evolution through an all-sky submillimetre spectroscopic survey