The ALPINE-ALMA [CII] Survey: Obscured Star Formation Rate Density and Main Sequence of star-forming galaxies at z>4

Abstract

Star formation rate (SFR) measurements at z>4 have relied mostly on rest-frame far-ultraviolet (FUV) observations. The corrections for dust attenuation based on IRX-$\beta$ relation are highly uncertain and are still debated in the literature. Hence, rest-frame far-infrared (FIR) observations are necessary to constrain the dust-obscured component of the SFR. In this paper, we exploit the rest-frame FIR continuum observations collected by the ALMA Large Program to INvestigate [CII] at Early times (ALPINE) to directly constrain the obscured SFR in galaxies at 4.4<z<5.9. We use stacks of continuum images to measure average infrared (IR) luminosities taking into account both detected and undetected sources. Based on these measurements, we measure the position of the main sequence of star-forming galaxies and the specific SFR (sSFR) at $z\sim 4.5$ and $z\sim 5.5$. We find that the main sequence and sSFR do not evolve significantly between $z\sim 4.5$ and $z\sim 5.5$, as opposed to lower redshifts. We develop a method to derive the obscured SFR density (SFRD) using the stellar masses or FUV-magnitudes as a proxy of FIR fluxes measured on the stacks and combining them with the galaxy stellar mass functions and FUV luminosity functions from the literature. We obtain consistent results independent of the chosen proxy. We find that the obscured fraction of SFRD is decreasing with increasing redshift but even at $z\sim 5.5$ it constitutes around 61\% of the total SFRD.

arXiv commentsubmitted to A&A, 19 pages

References in corpus (104)

• Stellar population synthesis at the resolution of 2003
• Galactic Stellar and Substellar Initial Mass Function
• The Global Schmidt Law in Star Forming Galaxies
• Cosmic Star Formation History
• CANDELS: The Cosmic Assembly Near-infrared Deep Extragalactic Legacy Survey
• CANDELS: The Cosmic Assembly Near-infrared Deep Extragalactic Legacy Survey - The Hubble Space Telescope Observations, Imaging Data Products and Mosaics
• The Cosmic Evolution Survey (COSMOS) -- Overview
• Star Formation in AEGIS Field Galaxies since z=1.1 : The Dominance of Gradually Declining Star Formation, and the Main Sequence of Star-Forming Galaxies
• Cold streams in early massive hot haloes as the main mode of galaxy formation
• Accurate photometric redshifts for the CFHT Legacy Survey calibrated using the VIMOS VLT Deep Survey
• Multiwavelength study of massive galaxies at z~2. I. Star formation and galaxy growth
• A Highly Consistent Framework for the Evolution of the Star-Forming "Main Sequence" from z~0-6
• UV Luminosity Functions at redshifts z~4 to z~10: 10000 Galaxies from HST Legacy Fields
• The COSMOS2015 Catalog: Exploring the 1<z<6 Universe with half a million galaxies
• Dust Absorption And The Ultraviolet Luminosity Density At z \approx 3 As Calibrated By Local Starburst Galaxies
• The IRAS Revised Bright Galaxy Sample (RBGS)
• 3D-HST WFC3-selected Photometric Catalogs in the Five CANDELS/3D-HST Fields: Photometry, Photometric Redshifts and Stellar Masses
• Measuring and Modelling the Redshift Evolution of Clustering: the Hubble Deep Field North
• The Star-formation Mass Sequence out to z=2.5
• Cosmic Reionization and Early Star-Forming Galaxies: A Joint Analysis of New Constraints from Planck and Hubble Space Telescope
• Constraining the Low-Mass Slope of the Star Formation Sequence at 0.5<z<2.5
• The Herschel view of the dominant mode of galaxy growth from z=4 to the present day
• The Evolution of the Galaxy Rest-Frame Ultraviolet Luminosity Function Over the First Two Billion Years
• The Chandra Deep Field South: the 1 Million Second
• A Dust-Obscured Massive Maximum-Starburst Galaxy at a Redshift of 6.34
• A Steep Faint-End Slope of the UV Luminosity Function at z~2-3: Implications for the Global Stellar Mass Density and Star Formation in Low Mass Halos
• The Evolving Interstellar Medium of Star Forming Galaxies Since z=2 as Probed by Their Infrared Spectral Energy Distributions
• UV-continuum slopes at z~4-7 from the HUDF09+ERS+CANDELS observations: Discovery of a well-defined UV-color magnitude relationship for z>=4 star-forming galaxies
• The Interstellar Medium In Galaxies Seen A Billion Years After The Big Bang
• Keck Spectroscopy of 3<z<7 Faint Lyman Break Galaxies: The Importance of Nebular Emission in Understanding the Specific Star Formation Rate and Stellar Mass Density
• The Herschel PEP/HerMES Luminosity Function. I: Probing the Evolution of PACS selected Galaxies to z~4
• Reionization after Planck: The Derived Growth of the Cosmic Ionizing Emissivity now matches the Growth of the Galaxy UV Luminosity Density
• The deepest Herschel-PACS far-infrared survey: number counts and infrared luminosity functions from combined PEP/GOODS-H observations
• A deep ALMA image of the Hubble Ultra Deep Field
• The VIMOS Ultra-Deep Survey: ~10,000 galaxies with spectroscopic redshifts to study galaxy assembly at early epochs 2<z<~6
• Galaxy Evolution in Cosmological Simulations With Outflows I: Stellar Masses and Star Formation Rates
• Evolution of the dusty infrared luminosity function from z=0 to z=2.3 using observations from Spitzer
• The Evolution of the Galaxy Stellar Mass Function at z= 4-8: A Steepening Low-mass-end Slope with Increasing Redshift
• Dust in the reionization era: ALMA observations of a $z$=8.38 Galaxy
• The Relation Between SFR and Stellar Mass for Galaxies at 3.5 $\le z\le$ 6.5 in CANDELS
• Evolution of the dust emission of massive galaxies up to z=4 and constraints on their dominant mode of star formation
• Planck 2013 results. XXX. Cosmic infrared background measurements and implications for star formation
• The Characteristic Star Formation Histories of Galaxies at Redshifts z~2-7
• HerMES: The SPIRE confusion limit
• The SFR-M* Relation and Empirical Star-Formation Histories from ZFOURGE at 0.5 < z < 4
• The Star Formation Rate Density and Dust Attenuation Evolution over 12 Gyr with the VVDS Surveys
• ALMA Spectroscopic Survey in the Hubble Ultra Deep Field: The Infrared Excess of UV-selected z=2-10 galaxies as a function of UV-continuum Slope and Stellar Mass
• The Star Formation Rate in the Reionization Era as Indicated by Gamma-ray Bursts
• The star formation main sequence and stellar mass assembly of galaxies in the Illustris simulation
• A dominant population of optically invisible massive galaxies in the early Universe
• The UV Luminosity Function of star-forming galaxies via dropout selection at redshifts z ~ 7 and 8 from the 2012 Ultra Deep Field campaign
• Galaxy growth in a massive halo in the first billion years of cosmic history
• The ALPINE-ALMA [CII] Survey: data processing, catalogs, and statistical source properties
• A unified empirical model for infrared galaxy counts based on observed physical evolution of distant galaxies
• The DEIMOS 10k spectroscopic survey catalog of the COSMOS field
• Detection of the Far-infrared [O III] and Dust Emission in a Galaxy at Redshift 8.312: Early Metal Enrichment in the Heart of the Reionization Era
• Dust temperature and mid-to-total infrared color distributions for star-forming galaxies at 0<z<4
• Great Optically Luminous Dropout Research Using Subaru HSC (GOLDRUSH). I. UV Luminosity Functions at $z\sim 4-7$ Derived with the Half-Million Dropouts on the 100 deg${}^2$ Sky
• The Star Formation Main Sequence in the Hubble Space Telescope Frontier Fields
• The ALPINE-ALMA [CII] Survey: The nature, luminosity function and star formation history of dusty galaxies up to z~6
• The galaxy luminosity function at z ~ 6 and evidence for rapid evolution in the bright end from z ~ 7 to 5
• On the redshift evolution (0 < z < 4) of dust attenuation and of the total (UV+IR) star formation rate density
• The impact of clustering and angular resolution on far-infrared and millimeter continuum observations
• The ALPINE-ALMA [CII] survey. Little to no evolution in the [CII]-SFR relation over the last 13 Gyr
• The evolving SFR-M_star relation and sSFR since z~5 from the VUDS spectroscopic survey
• ALMA spectroscopic survey in the Hubble Ultra Deep Field: Continuum number counts, resolved 1.2-mm extragalactic background, and properties of the faintest dusty star forming galaxies
• The ALPINE-ALMA [CII] Survey: Multi-Wavelength Ancillary Data and Basic Physical Measurements
• Main sequence of star forming galaxies beyond the Herschel confusion limit
• The ALPINE-ALMA [CII] Survey: Size of Individual Star-Forming Galaxies at z=4-6 and their Extended Halo Structure
• ISM properties of a Massive Dusty Star-Forming Galaxy discovered at z ~ 7
• Properties of $z\sim 3-6$ Lyman Break Galaxies. II. Impact of nebular emission at high redshift
• Evolution of the Luminosity Function, Star Formation Rate, Morphology and Size of Star-forming Galaxies Selected at Rest-frame 1500A and 2800A
• The star-formation rate density from z = 0-6
• The Brightest Galaxies in the Dark Ages: Galaxies' Dust Continuum Emission During the Reionization Era
• The ALPINE-ALMA [CII] survey: Dust attenuation properties and obscured star formation at z~4.4-5.8
• A Coherent Study of Emission Lines from Broad-Band Photometry: Specific Star-Formation Rates and [OIII]/Hβ Ratio at 3 < z < 6
• The VIMOS Ultra Deep Survey First Data Release: spectra and spectroscopic redshifts of 698 objects up to z~6 in CANDELS
• Slow Evolution of the Specific Star Formation Rate at z>2: The Impact of Dust, Emission Lines, and A Rising Star Formation History
• Are high redshift Galaxies hot? - Temperature of z > 5 Galaxies and Implications on their Dust Properties
• Discovery of a dark, massive, ALMA-only galaxy at z~5-6 in a tiny 3-millimeter survey
• On the puzzling plateau in the specific star formation rate at z=2-7
• The Luminosity Function of IRAS PSCz Galaxies
• HerMES: Unveiling obscured star formation - the far infrared luminosity function of ultraviolet-selected galaxies at z~1.5
• The ALMA Spectroscopic Survey in the HUDF: CO emission lines and 3 mm continuum sources
• How dead are dead galaxies? Mid-Infrared fluxes of quiescent galaxies at redshift 0.3 < z < 2.5: implications for star formation rates and dust heating
• The dust-to-stellar mass ratio as a valuable tool to probe the evolution of local and distant star forming galaxies
• The evolving far-IR galaxy luminosity function and dust-obscured star-formation rate density out to z~5
• Obscured star-formation in bright z ~ 7 Lyman-break galaxies
• Dust properties of Lyman break galaxies at $z\sim 3$
• ALMA Reveals Weak [NII] Emission in "Typical" Galaxies and Intense Starbursts at z=5-6
• COLDz: A High Space Density of Massive Dusty Starburst Galaxies ~1 Billion Years after the Big Bang
• GAMA/G10-COSMOS/3D-HST: Evolution of the galaxy stellar mass function over 12.5Gyrs
• High-resolution [C II] imaging of HDF850.1 reveals a merging galaxy at z=5.185
• The Dust Attenuation of Star-forming Galaxies at $z\sim 3$ and Beyond: New Insights from ALMA Observations
• The history of star formation from the cosmic infrared background anisotropies
• The UV and Ly$\alpha$ Luminosity Functions of galaxies and the Star Formation Rate Density at the end of HI reionization from the VIMOS Ultra-Deep Survey (VUDS)
• Constraining the volume density of Dusty Star-Forming Galaxies through the first 3mm Number Counts from ALMA
• The Far Infrared Emission of the First Massive Galaxies
• The ALPINE-ALMA [C II] Survey: [C II]158micron Emission Line Luminosity Functions at $z\sim 4-6$
• A multi-wavelength de-blended Herschel view of the statistical properties of dusty star-forming galaxies across cosmic time
• On the existence of bright IR galaxies at z>2: tension between Herschel and SCUBA-2 results?
• G.A.S. II: Dust extinction in galaxies; Luminosity functions and InfraRed eXcess
• PdBI Cold Dust Imaging of Two Extremely Red H-[4.5]>4 Galaxies Discovered with SEDS and CANDELS
• The WIRCam Ultra Deep Survey (WUDS) I. Survey overview and UV luminosity functions at z~5 and z~6

Cited by in corpus (69)

• The FLAMINGO project: cosmological hydrodynamical simulations for large-scale structure and galaxy cluster surveys
• On the Stellar Populations of Galaxies at z=9-11: The Growth of Metals and Stellar Mass at Early Times
• Dusty Starbursts Masquerading as Ultra-high Redshift Galaxies in JWST CEERS Observations
• The ALMA REBELS Survey: Dust Continuum Detections at z > 6.5
• The ALPINE-ALMA [CII] survey: Molecular gas budget in the Early Universe as traced by [CII]
• Star formation histories of UV-luminous galaxies at $z\simeq 6.8$: implications for stellar mass assembly at early cosmic times
• The ALMA REBELS Survey: The Dust-obscured Cosmic Star Formation Rate Density at Redshift 7
• The ALMA REBELS Survey: Specific Star-Formation Rates in the Reionization Era
• On the ages of bright galaxies $\sim 500$ Myr after the Big Bang: insights into star formation activity at $z\gtrsim 15$ with JWST
• Accurate dust temperature determination in a $z=7.13$ galaxy
• Mapping Obscuration to Reionization with ALMA (MORA): 2mm Efficiently Selects the Highest-Redshift Obscured Galaxies
• The ALPINE-ALMA [CII] survey: The contribution of major mergers to the galaxy mass assembly at z~5
• CONCERTO: High-fidelity simulation of millimeter line emissions of galaxies and [CII] intensity mapping
• JWST reveals a possible $z\sim 11$ galaxy merger in triply-lensed MACS0647$-$JD
• Tracing Molecular Gas in z $\simeq$ 6 Galaxies with [C$\mathrm{II}$]
• FOREVER22: galaxy formation in protocluster regions
• The assembly of dusty galaxies at $z\ge 4$: the build-up of stellar mass and its scaling relations with hints from early JWST data
• High redshift JWST predictions from IllustrisTNG: III. Infrared luminosity functions, obscured star formation and dust temperature of high-redshift galaxies
• The ALPINE-ALMA [CII] survey: Dust mass budget in the early Universe
• The ALMA REBELS Survey: The First Infrared Luminosity Function Measurement at $\mathbf{z \sim 7}
• Blue Rest-Frame UV-Optical Colors in z~8 Galaxies from GREATS: Very Young Stellar Populations at ~650 Myr of Cosmic Time
• The ALPINE-ALMA [CII] survey: dust attenuation curves at z=4.4-5.5
• The impact of the FMR and starburst galaxies on the (low-metallicity) cosmic star formation history
• Two Modes of LyC Escape From Bursty Star Formation: Implications for [C II] Deficits and the Sources of Reionization
• SPICE: the connection between cosmic reionisation and stellar feedback in the first galaxies
• Rapid build-up of the stellar content in the protocluster core SPT2349$-$56 at $z=4.3$
• The ALMA-CRISTAL survey: Gas, dust, and stars in star-forming galaxies when the Universe was ~1 Gyr old I. Survey overview and case studies
• Probing cold gas in a massive, compact star-forming galaxy at z=6
• Atomic and molecular gas from the epoch of reionization down to redshift 2
• The ALMA REBELS Survey: Discovery of a massive, highly star-forming and morphologically complex ULIRG at $z=7.31$
• GOODS-ALMA 2.0: Last gigayear star formation histories of the so-called starbursts within the main sequence
• [CII] $158\mu \mathrm{m}$ line emission from Orion A. I. A template for extragalactic studies?
• The ALPINE-ALMA [CII] Survey: the population of [CII]-undetected galaxies and their role in the ${\mathrm{L}}_{[\mathrm{CII}]}$-SFR relation
• Fast SMBH growth in the SPT2349--56 protocluster at $z=4.3$
• The observed cosmic star formation rate density has an evolution which resembles a Γ(a, bt) distribution and can be described successfully by only 2 parameters
• An ultra-deep multi-band VLA survey of the faint radio sky (COSMOS-XS): New constraints on the cosmic star formation history
• The COSMOS-Web ring: in-depth characterization of an Einstein ring lensing system at z~2
• An investigation of the circumgalactic medium around z~2.2 AGN with ACA and ALMA
• Estimating Dust Temperature and Far-IR Luminosity of High-Redshift Galaxies using ALMA Single-Band Continuum Observations
• ColdSIM predictions of [C II] emission in primordial galaxies
• IR characteristic emission and dust properties of star-forming galaxies at 4.5 $<$ z $<$ 6.2
• Deep Spitzer/IRAC Data for z~10 galaxies Reveal Blue Balmer Break Colors: Young Stellar Populations at ~500 Myr of Cosmic Time
• The slippery slope of dust attenuation curves: Correlation of dust attenuation laws with star-to-dust compactness up to z = 4
• Galaxy populations in groups and clusters: evidence for a characteristic stellar mass scale at $M_{\ast }\sim 10^{9.5}{M}_{\odot }$
• Dust in High-Redshift Galaxies: Reconciling UV Attenuation and IR Emission
• A${}^3$COSMOS: Measuring the cosmic dust-attenuated star formation rate density at $4<z<5$
• Detailed Study of Stars and Gas in a z = 8.3 Massive Merger with Extreme Dust Conditions
• Star Formation and Chemical Enrichment in Protoclusters
• A${}^3$COSMOS: the dust mass function and dust mass density at $0.5<z<6$
• Spatially resolved [CII]-gas conversion factor in early galaxies
• Star Formation Rate Function at $z\sim 4.5$: An Analysis from rest UV to Optical
• JWST PRIMER: A deep JWST study of all ALMA-detected galaxies in PRIMER COSMOS -- dust-obscured star-formation history back to z $\simeq$ 7
• The [C II] line emission as an interstellar medium probe in the MARIGOLD galaxies
• COLIBRE: calibrating subgrid feedback in cosmological simulations that include a cold gas phase
• The H$\alpha$ and [O III] $\lambda 5007$ Luminosity Functions of $1.2<z<1.9$ Emission-Line Galaxies from HST Grism Spectroscopy
• Dust emission from the bulk of galaxies at the Epoch of Reionization
• Anatomy of galactic star formation history: Roles of different modes of gas accretion, feedback, and recycling
• Exploring the multiband gravitational wave background with a semi-analytic galaxy formation model
• Strength in Numbers: Red Galaxies Bolster the Cosmic Star Formation Rate Density at z > 3
• Dust-UV offsets in high-redshift galaxies in the Cosmic Dawn III simulation
• The ALPINE-CRISTAL-JWST survey: spatially resolved star formation relations at $z\sim 5$
• A mock redshift catalogue of the dusty star-forming galaxy population with intrinsic clustering and lensing for deep millimetre surveys
• Overdense fireworks in GOODS-N: Unveiling a record number of massive dusty star forming galaxies at z$\sim$5.2 with the N2CLS
• The slope and scatter of the star forming main sequence at z~5 : reconciling observations with simulations
• A High-resolution Far-infrared Survey to Probe Black Hole-Galaxy Co-evolution
• Tight correlation of star formation with [Ci] and CO lines across cosmic time
• Challenges of standard halo models in constraining galaxy properties from CIB anisotropies
• The NIKA2 cosmological legacy survey at 2 mm: catalogs, colors, redshift distributions, and implications for deep surveys
• The ALMA View of High-Redshift Galaxy Formation