High redshift JWST predictions from IllustrisTNG: III. Infrared luminosity functions, obscured star formation and dust temperature of high-redshift galaxies

Abstract

We post-process galaxies in the IllustrisTNG simulations with SKIRT radiative transfer calculations to make predictions for the rest-frame near-infrared (NIR) and far-infrared (FIR) properties of galaxies at $z\ge 4$. The rest-frame $K$- and $z$-band galaxy luminosity functions from TNG are overall consistent with observations, despite a $\sim 0.5\mathrm{dex}$ underprediction at $z=4$ for $M_{\mathrm{K}}\lesssim -25$ and $M_{\mathrm{z}}\lesssim -24$. Predictions for the JWST MIRI observed galaxy luminosity functions and number counts are given. Based on theoretical estimations, we show that the next-generation survey conducted by JWST can detect 500 (30) galaxies in F1000W in a survey area of $500{\mathrm{arcmin}}^2$ at $z=6$ ($z=8$). As opposed to the consistency in the UV, optical and NIR, we find that TNG, combined with our dust modelling choices, significantly underpredicts the abundance of most dust-obscured and thus most luminous FIR galaxies. As a result, the obscured cosmic star formation rate density (SFRD) and the SFRD contributed by optical/NIR dark objects are underpredicted. The discrepancies discovered here could provide new constraints on the sub-grid feedback models, or the dust contents, of simulations. Meanwhile, although the TNG predicted dust temperature and its relations with IR luminosity and redshift are qualitatively consistent with observations, the peak dust temperature of $z\ge 6$ galaxies are overestimated by about $20\mathrm{K}$. This could be related to the limited mass resolution of our simulations to fully resolve the porosity of the interstellar medium (or specifically its dust content) at these redshifts.

arXiv commentAccepted by MNRAS

References in corpus (138)

• Planck 2015 results. XIII. Cosmological parameters
• Galactic Stellar and Substellar Initial Mass Function
• Star Formation in Galaxies Along the Hubble Sequence
• Cosmic Star Formation History
• The EAGLE project: Simulating the evolution and assembly of galaxies and their environments
• The Infrared Array Camera (IRAC) for the Spitzer Space Telescope
• The Spitzer Space Telescope Mission
• Populating a cluster of galaxies - I. Results at z=0
• Dust Grain Size Distributions and Extinction in the Milky Way, LMC, and SMC
• E pur si muove: Galiliean-invariant cosmological hydrodynamical simulations on a moving mesh
• Introducing the Illustris Project: Simulating the coevolution of dark and visible matter in the Universe
• High Redshift Galaxies in the Hubble Deep Field. Color Selection and Star Formation History to z=4
• Simulating Galaxy Formation with the IllustrisTNG Model
• The James Webb Space Telescope
• Hierarchical Galaxy Formation
• The propagation of uncertainties in stellar population synthesis modeling I: The relevance of uncertain aspects of stellar evolution and the IMF to the derived physical properties of galaxies
• First results from the IllustrisTNG simulations: matter and galaxy clustering
• First results from the IllustrisTNG simulations: the stellar mass content of groups and clusters of galaxies
• First results from the IllustrisTNG simulations: the galaxy color bimodality
• The EAGLE simulations of galaxy formation: calibration of subgrid physics and model variations
• Properties of galaxies reproduced by a hydrodynamic simulation
• First results from the IllustrisTNG simulations: A tale of two elements -- chemical evolution of magnesium and europium
• Simulating galaxy formation with black hole driven thermal and kinetic feedback
• The propagation of uncertainties in stellar population synthesis modeling III: model calibration, comparison, and evaluation
• FIRE-2 Simulations: Physics versus Numerics in Galaxy Formation
• First results from the IllustrisTNG simulations: radio haloes and magnetic fields
• Dust Masses, PAH Abundances, and Starlight Intensities in the SINGS Galaxy Sample
• Introducing the Illustris Project: the evolution of galaxy populations across cosmic time
• Substructures in hydrodynamical cluster simulations
• First Results from the TNG50 Simulation: Galactic outflows driven by supernovae and black hole feedback
• A model for cosmological simulations of galaxy formation physics
• First Results from the TNG50 Simulation: The evolution of stellar and gaseous disks across cosmic time
• Calibrating Extinction-Free Star Formation Rate Diagnostics with 33GHz Free-Free Emission in NGC6946
• The Evolution of the Galaxy Rest-Frame Ultraviolet Luminosity Function Over the First Two Billion Years
• New Interstellar Dust Models Consistent with Extinction, Emission, and Abundance Constraints
• The Evolution of the Elemental Abundances in the Gas and Dust Phases of the Galaxy
• The Illustris simulation: the evolving population of black holes across cosmic time
• The SCUBA Local Universe Galaxy Survey I: First Measurements of the Submillimetre Luminosity and Dust Mass Functions
• The Illustris Simulation: Public Data Release
• An ALMA survey of Sub-millimeter Galaxies in the Extended Chandra Deep Field South: Physical properties derived from ultraviolet-to-radio modelling
• The Mid-Infrared Instrument for the James Webb Space Telescope I: Introduction
• The Origin and Evolution of the Galaxy Mass-Metallicity Relation
• The Arepo public code release
• The Herschel PEP/HerMES Luminosity Function. I: Probing the Evolution of PACS selected Galaxies to z~4
• The deepest Herschel-PACS far-infrared survey: number counts and infrared luminosity functions from combined PEP/GOODS-H observations
• A new multi-field determination of the galaxy luminosity function at z=7-9 incorporating the 2012 Hubble Ultra Deep Field imaging
• On the effect of the Cosmic Microwave Background in high-redshift (sub-)millimeter observations
• Far-infrared Spectral Energy Distribution Fitting for Galaxies Near and Far
• The Dearth of z~10 Galaxies in all HST Legacy Fields -- The Rapid Evolution of the Galaxy Population in the First 500 Myr
• Improving the convergence properties of the moving-mesh code AREPO
• Escape fraction of ionizing photons during reionization: effects due to supernova feedback and runaway OB stars
• Evolution of the dusty infrared luminosity function from z=0 to z=2.3 using observations from Spitzer
• RAMSES-RT: Radiation hydrodynamics in the cosmological context
• A physical model for cosmological simulations of galaxy formation: multi-epoch validation
• An ALMA Survey of Submillimeter Galaxies in the Extended Chandra Deep Field South: The Redshift Distribution and Evolution of Submillimeter Galaxies
• The Relation Between SFR and Stellar Mass for Galaxies at 3.5 $\le z\le$ 6.5 in CANDELS
• Efficient 3D NLTE dust radiative transfer with SKIRT
• Evolution of the dust emission of massive galaxies up to z=4 and constraints on their dominant mode of star formation
• The Size Evolution of Star-forming and Quenched Galaxies in the IllustrisTNG simulation
• SKIRT: an Advanced Dust Radiative Transfer Code with a User-Friendly Architecture
• The SFR-M* Relation and Empirical Star-Formation Histories from ZFOURGE at 0.5 < z < 4
• A Herschel view of the far-infrared properties of submillimetre galaxies
• An ALMA survey of the SCUBA-2 CLS UDS field: Physical properties of 707 Sub-millimetre Galaxies
• The SPHINX Cosmological Simulations of the First Billion Years: the Impact of Binary Stars on Reionization
• The evolution of the dust temperatures of galaxies in the SFR$-M_{\ast }$ plane up to $z$$\sim$$2$
• Modelling the Pan-Spectral Energy Distribution of Starburst Galaxies: IV The Controlling Parameters of the Starburst SED
• A redshift-independent efficiency model: star formation and stellar masses in dark matter halos at z>4
• A dominant population of optically invisible massive galaxies in the early Universe
• The ALPINE-ALMA [CII] Survey: data processing, catalogs, and statistical source properties
• "Big Three Dragons": a z = 7.15 Lyman BreakGalaxy Detected in [OIII] 88 $\mu$m, [CII] 158 $\mu$m, and Dust Continuum with ALMA
• The Mid-Infrared Instrument for JWST, II: Design and Build
• Cosmic Dawn (CoDa): the First Radiation-Hydrodynamics Simulation of Reionization and Galaxy Formation in the Local Universe
• Dust temperature and mid-to-total infrared color distributions for star-forming galaxies at 0<z<4
• What Does a Submillimeter Galaxy Selection Actually Select? The Dependence of Submillimeter Flux Density on Star Formation Rate and Dust Mass
• Star Formation at $4<z<6$ From the Spitzer Large Area Survey with Hyper-Suprime-Cam (SPLASH)
• The Star Formation Main Sequence in the Hubble Space Telescope Frontier Fields
• Submillimetre and far-infrared spectral energy distributions of galaxies: the luminosity-temperature relation and consequences for photometric redshifts
• The Herschel-ATLAS Data Release 1 Paper I: Maps, Catalogues and Number Counts
• The ALPINE-ALMA [CII] Survey: The nature, luminosity function and star formation history of dusty galaxies up to z~6
• Optical colours and spectral indices of $z=0.1$ EAGLE galaxies with 3D dust radiative transfer code SKIRT
• Simulating galaxies in the reionization era with FIRE-2: galaxy scaling relations, stellar mass functions, and luminosity functions
• Feedback-regulated star formation and escape of LyC photons from mini-haloes during reionisation
• The K20 survey. V The evolution of the near-IR Luminosity Function
• Semi-analytic forecasts for JWST - I. UV luminosity functions at z = 4 - 10
• The Formation of High Redshift Submillimeter Galaxies
• A Redshift Survey of Herschel Far-Infrared Selected Starbursts and Implications for Obscured Star Formation
• ALMA uncovers the [CII] emission and warm dust continuum in a z = 8.31 Lyman break galaxy
• The ALMA Spectroscopic Survey Large Program: The Infrared Excess of z=1.5-10 UV-selected Galaxies and the Implied High-Redshift Star Formation History
• High redshift JWST predictions from IllustrisTNG: Dust modelling and galaxy luminosity functions
• Physical Properties of Galaxies from z=2-4
• The redshift distribution of dusty star forming galaxies from the SPT survey
• On the dust temperatures of high redshift galaxies
• A new measurement of the evolving near-infrared galaxy luminosity function out to z~4: a continuing challenge to theoretical models of galaxy formation
• Galaxy Simulation with Dust Formation and Destruction
• The Brightest Galaxies in the Dark Ages: Galaxies' Dust Continuum Emission During the Reionization Era
• Dust attenuation, dust emission, and dust temperature in galaxies at z>=5: a view from the FIRE-2 simulations
• Dusty galaxies in the Epoch of Reionization: simulations
• Far-infrared and dust properties of present-day galaxies in the EAGLE simulations
• [CII] emission in z ~ 6 strongly lensed, star-forming galaxies
• Semi-analytic forecasts for JWST -- II. physical properties and scaling relations for galaxies at z = 4-10
• Discovery of a dark, massive, ALMA-only galaxy at z~5-6 in a tiny 3-millimeter survey
• The IRX-Beta Dust Attenuation Relation in Cosmological Galaxy Formation Simulations
• The ALPINE-ALMA [CII] Survey: Obscured Star Formation Rate Density and Main Sequence of star-forming galaxies at z>4
• ALMA Characterises the Dust Temperature of z ~ 5.5 Star-Forming Galaxies
• Evolution of Dust-to-Metal Ratio in Galaxies
• Star Formation at z~6: i-dropouts in the ACS GTO fields
• The evolving far-IR galaxy luminosity function and dust-obscured star-formation rate density out to z~5
• Further constraints on the evolution of Ks-selected galaxies in the GOODS/CDFS field
• The properties of the first galaxies in the BLUETIDES simulation
• The First Billion Years project: constraining the dust attenuation law of star-forming galaxies at z $\simeq$ 5
• ALMA Reveals Weak [NII] Emission in "Typical" Galaxies and Intense Starbursts at z=5-6
• Newly Discovered Bright z~9-10 Galaxies and Improved Constraints on Their Prevalence Using the Full CANDELS Area
• ALMA twenty-six arcmin${}^2$ survey of GOODS-S at one-millimeter (ASAGAO): Near-infrared-dark faint ALMA sources
• An ALMA survey of submillimetre galaxies in the COSMOS field: Physical properties derived from energy balance spectral energy distribution modelling
• Illuminating the dark side of cosmic star formation two billion years after the Big Bang
• Dark-ages reionization & galaxy formation simulation IV: UV luminosity functions of high-redshift galaxies
• Multi-Wavelength SEDs of Herschel Selected Galaxies in the COSMOS Field
• Probing $\sim L_{\ast }$ Lyman-break Galaxies at $z\approx 7$ in GOODS-South with WFC3 on HST
• Predictions for deep galaxy surveys with JWST from $\Lambda$CDM
• The Munich Near-Infrared Cluster Survey (MUNICS) -- II. The K-Band Luminosity Function of Field Galaxies to z ~ 1.2
• Hierarchical octree and k-d tree grids for 3D radiative transfer simulations
• The rest-frame optical (900nm) galaxy luminosity function at z~4-7: abundance matching points to limited evolution in the Mstar/Mhalo ratio at z>4
• Using 3D Voronoi grids in radiative transfer simulations
• Probing the evolution of the near-IR luminosity function of galaxies to z ~ 3 in the Hubble Deep Field South
• The history of star formation from the cosmic infrared background anisotropies
• The Origins Space Telescope
• High redshift JWST predictions from IllustrisTNG: II. Galaxy line and continuum spectral indices and dust attenuation curves
• GOODS-ALMA: The slow downfall of star-formation in $z$ = 2-3 massive galaxies
• An Evolutionary Model For Submillimeter Galaxies
• Submillimetre galaxies in cosmological hydrodynamical simulations -- an opportunity for constraining feedback models
• Is there enough star formation in simulated protoclusters?
• The ALPINE-ALMA [C II] Survey: [C II]158micron Emission Line Luminosity Functions at $z\sim 4-6$
• The IRX-$\beta$ relation of high-redshift galaxies
• A redshift-dependent IRX-$\beta$ dust attenuation relation for TNG50 galaxies
• Galaxy formation in the PLANCK cosmology - III. The high-redshift universe
• The IRX-$\beta$ relation: Insights from simulations
• Characterising the evolving $K$-band luminosity function using the UltraVISTA, CANDELS and HUDF surveys
• Infrared Properties of z=7 Galaxies from Cosmological Simulations

Cited by in corpus (24)

• On the Stellar Populations of Galaxies at z=9-11: The Growth of Metals and Stellar Mass at Early Times
• The REBELS ALMA Survey: cosmic dust temperature evolution out to z $\sim$ 7
• The ALMA REBELS Survey: the dust content of $z\sim 7$ Lyman Break Galaxies
• The THESAN project: Lyman-alpha emission and transmission during the Epoch of Reionization
• The ALMA REBELS Survey. Epoch of Reionization giants: properties of dusty galaxies at $z\approx 7$
• The THESAN project: predictions for multi-tracer line intensity mapping in the epoch of reionization
• Mini-quenching of $z=4-8$ galaxies by bursty star formation
• An empirical study of dust properties at the earliest epochs
• The ALMA REBELS Survey: The First Infrared Luminosity Function Measurement at $\mathbf{z \sim 7}
• X-ray radiative transfer in full 3D with SKIRT
• Cosmic Vine: A z=3.44 large-scale structure hosting massive quiescent galaxies
• UV to submillimetre luminosity functions of TNG50 galaxies
• The impact of galactic feedback on the shapes of dark-matter haloes
• LIMFAST. I. A Semi-Numerical Tool for Line Intensity Mapping
• Galaxy source counts at 7.7 $\mu$m, 10 $\mu$m and 15 $\mu$m with the James Webb Space Telescope
• A Dusty Dawn: Galactic Dust Buildup at $z\gtrsim 5$
• Unveiling the main sequence of galaxies at $z\ge 5$ with the James Webb Space Telescope: predictions from simulations
• Effects of dust sources on dust attenuation properties in IllustrisTNG galaxies at $z\sim 7$
• Monte Carlo radiative transfer with explicit absorption to simulate absorption, scattering, and stimulated emission
• The THESAN-ZOOM project: Star formation efficiency from giant molecular clouds to galactic scale in high-redshift starbursts
• Introducing cosmosTNG: simulating galaxy formation with constrained realizations of the COSMOS field
• Cosmic Vine: High abundance of massive galaxies and dark matter halos in a forming cluster at z=3.44
• First Light And Reionisation Epoch Simulations (FLARES) III: The properties of massive dusty galaxies at cosmic dawn
• The Cosmic Rush Hour: Rapid Formation of Bright, Massive, Disky, Star-Forming Galaxies as Signatures of Early-Universe Physics