The Evolving Interstellar Medium of Star Forming Galaxies Since z=2 as Probed by Their Infrared Spectral Energy Distributions

Abstract

Using data from the mid-infrared to millimeter wavelengths for individual galaxies and for stacked ensembles at 0.5<z<2, we derive robust estimates of dust masses (Mdust) for main sequence (MS) galaxies, which obey a tight correlation between star formation rate (SFR) and stellar mass (M*), and for star-bursting galaxies that fall outside that relation. Exploiting the correlation of gas to dust mass with metallicity (Mgas/Mdust -Z), we use our measurements to constrain the gas content, CO-to-H2 conversion factors (a_co) and star formation efficiencies (SFE) of these distant galaxies. Using large statistical samples, we confirm that a_co and SFE are an order of magnitude higher and lower, respectively, in MS galaxies at high redshifts compared to the values of local galaxies with equivalently high infrared luminosities. For galaxies within the MS, we show that the variations of specific star formation rates (sSFR=SFR/M*) are driven by varying gas fractions. For relatively massive galaxies like those in our samples, we show that the hardness of the radiation field, <U>, which is proportional to the dust mass weighted luminosity (LIR/Mdust), and the primary parameter defining the shape of the SED, is equivalent to SFE/Z. For MS galaxies we measure this quantity, <U>, showing that it does not depend significantly on either the stellar mass or the sSFR. This is explained as a simple consequence of the existing correlations between SFR-M*, M*-Z and Mgas-SFR. Instead, we show that <U> (or LIR/Mdust) does evolve, with MS galaxies having harder radiation fields and thus warmer temperatures as redshift increases from z=0 to 2, a trend which can also be understood based on the redshift evolution of the M*-Z and SFR-M* relations. These results motivate the construction of a universal set of SED templates for MS galaxies which vary as a function of redshift with only one parameter, <U>.

To appear in ApJ, in the November 10, 2012, v759 -2 issue

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• SFR estimations from z=0 to z=0.9 -- A comparison of SFR calibrators for star-forming galaxies
• Properties of the Interstellar Medium in Star-Forming Galaxies at z~1.4 revealed with ALMA
• The dustier early-type galaxies deviate from late-type galaxies' scaling relations
• Predicting HCN, HCO+, multi-transition CO, and dust emission of star-forming galaxies From local spiral and ultraluminous infrared galaxies to high-z star-forming and submillimeter galaxies
• IR SED and Dust Masses of Sub-solar Metallicity Galaxies at z~2.3
• z-GAL -- A NOEMA spectroscopic redshift survey of bright Herschel galaxies: [II] Dust properties
• The cosmic build-up of dust and metals. Accurate abundances from GRB-selected star-forming galaxies at $1.7<z<6.3$
• Constraining the recent star formation history of galaxies : an Approximate Bayesian Computation approach
• Unveiling the nature of 11 dusty star-forming galaxies at the peak of cosmic star formation history
• Probing AGN triggering mechanisms through the starburstiness of the host galaxies
• Redshift evolution of stellar mass versus gas fraction relation in 0<z<2 regime: observational constraint for galaxy formation models
• The SCUBA-2 850 $\mu m$ follow-up of WISE-selected, luminous dust-obscured quasars
• (Sub)millimetre interferometric imaging of a sample of COSMOS/AzTEC submillimetre galaxies IV. Physical properties derived from spectral energy distributions
• A Multiwavelength Study of ELAN Environments (AMUSE${}^2$): Detection of a dusty star-forming galaxy within the enormous Lyman $\alpha$ nebula at $z=2.3$ sheds light on its origin
• What shapes the far-infrared spectral energy distributions of galaxies?
• Sunyaev-Zel'dovich detection of the galaxy cluster Cl J1449+0856 at z = 1.99: the pressure profile in uv space
• A photo-z cautionary tale: Redshift confirmation of COSBO-7 at z=2.625
• ALMA reveals the molecular gas properties of 5 star-forming galaxies across the main sequence at 3 < z < 3.5
• The composite nature of Dust-Obscured Galaxies (DOGs) at z~2-3 in the COSMOS field: I. A Far-Infrared View
• GOODS-ALMA 2.0: Last gigayear star formation histories of the so-called starbursts within the main sequence
• Dust-Obscured Galaxies in the Local Universe
• Probing star formation and ISM properties using galaxy disk inclination I: Evolution in disk opacity since $z\sim 0.7$
• Measuring the Hubble constant with kilonovae using the Expanding Photosphere Method
• PASSAGES: The Large Millimeter Telescope and ALMA Observations of Extremely Luminous High Redshift Galaxies Identified by the Planck
• Rise of the Titans: Gas Excitation and Feedback in a Binary Hyper-Luminous Dusty Starburst Galaxy at z~6
• Suppressed CO emission and high G/D ratios in z=2 galaxies with sub-solar gas-phase metallicity
• Dense-gas tracers and carbon isotopes in five 2.5<z<4 lensed dusty star forming galaxies from the SPT SMG sample
• Detailed modelling of a large sample of Herschel sources in the Lockman Hole: identification of cold dust and of lensing candidates through their anomalous SEDs
• Hierarchical fragmentation in high redshift galaxies revealed by hydrodynamical simulations
• Concurrent starbursts in molecular gas disks within a pair of colliding galaxies at z = 1.52
• Dust, gas, and metal content in star-forming galaxies at $z\sim 3.3$ revealed with ALMA and Near-IR spectroscopy
• A kpc-scale resolved study of unobscured and obscured star-formation activity in normal galaxies at z = 1.5 and 2.2 from ALMA and HiZELS
• The effect of active galactic nuclei on the cold interstellar medium in distant star-forming galaxies
• An ALMA view of 11 Dusty Star Forming Galaxies at the peak of Cosmic Star Formation History
• Bulge formation inside quiescent lopsided stellar disks: connecting accretion, star formation and morphological transformation in a z ~ 3 galaxy group
• SOFIA/HAWC+ View of an Extremely Luminous Infrared Galaxy, WISE1013+6112
• The star formation rate cookbook at 1 < z < 3: Extinction-corrected relations for UV & [OII]λ3727 luminosities
• Accretion-Inhibited Star Formation in the Warm Molecular Disk of the Green-valley Elliptical Galaxy NGC 3226
• The gas inflow and outflow rate in star-forming galaxies at $z\sim 1.4$
• z-GAL -- A NOEMA spectroscopic redshift survey of bright Herschel galaxies: [III] Physical properties
• A galaxy group candidate at z~3.7 in the COSMOS field
• Stacked Average Far-Infrared Spectrum of Dusty Star-Forming Galaxies from the Herschel/SPIRE Fourier Transform Spectrometer
• Dust attenuation, dust content and geometry of star-forming galaxies
• Characterising the signatures of star-forming galaxies in the extra-galactic $\gamma$-ray background
• Measuring the average molecular gas content of star-forming galaxies at $z=3-4$
• Identification of z~>2 Herschel 500 micron sources using color-deconfusion
• AKARI mid-infrared slitless spectroscopic survey of star-forming galaxies at $z\lesssim 0.5$
• Lurking systematics in predicting galaxy cold gas masses using dust luminosities and star formation rates
• Herschel and Hubble study of a lensed massive dusty starbursting galaxy at $z\sim 3$
• NOEMA formIng Cluster survEy (NICE): Characterizing eight massive galaxy groups at $1.5<z<4$ in the COSMOS field
• Noema formIng Cluster survEy (NICE): Discovery of a starbursting galaxy group with a radio-luminous core at z=3.95
• An ACA Survey of [CI] ${}^3{P}_1{-}^3{P}_0$, CO $J=4-3$, and Dust Continuum in Nearby U/LIRG
• The physical properties of local (U)LIRGs: a comparison with nearby early- and late-type galaxies
• Molecular gas properties of Planck-selected protocluster candidates at z~1.3-3
• Morphology & Environment's Role on the Star Formation Rate -- Stellar Mass Relation in COSMOS from 0 < z < 3.5
• The large molecular gas fraction of post-starburst galaxies at z > 1
• Combining Physical galaxy models with radio observations to constrain the SFRs of high-z dusty star forming galaxies
• SPICA and the Chemical Evolution of Galaxies: The Rise of Metals and Dust
• Tracing the evolution of dust obscured star-formation and accretion back to the reionisation epoch with SPICA
• Measuring the total infrared light from galaxy clusters at z=0.5-1.6: connecting stellar populations to dusty star formation
• Molecular gas properties of UV-luminous star-forming galaxies at low redshift
• The cold interstellar medium of a normal sub-$L^{\star }$ galaxy at the end of reionization
• Dust Properties of 870 Micron Selected Galaxies in the GOODS-S
• Multi-Phase ISM in the z = 5.7 Hyperluminous Starburst SPT0346-52
• ISM conditions in z~0.2 Lyman-Break Analogs
• Clumps as multiscale structures in cosmic noon galaxies
• Probing the baryon cycle of galaxies with SPICA mid- and far-infrared observations
• The Herschel Virgo Cluster Survey. XVII. SPIRE point-source catalogs and number counts
• ALMA resolves the first strongly-lensed Optical/NIR-dark galaxy
• Big Three Dragons: Molecular Gas in a Bright Lyman-Break Galaxy at $z=7.15$
• JWST and ALMA discern the assembly of structural and obscured components in a high-redshift starburst galaxy
• The Bluedisk Survey: molecular gas distribution and scaling relations in the context of galaxy evolution
• Cospatial Star Formation and Supermassive Black Hole Growth in $z\sim 3$ Galaxies: Evidence for In-situ Co-evolution
• ALMA CO Observations of the Host Galaxies of Long-duration Gamma-ray Bursts. I: Molecular Gas Scaling Relations
• Cosmic evolution of the H2 mass density and the epoch of molecular gas
• GOODS-$Herschel$: identification of the individual galaxies responsible for the 80-290$\mu$m cosmic infrared background
• Investigating the delay between dust radiation and star-formation in local and distant quenching galaxies
• COSMOS-Web: A history of galaxy migrations over the stellar mass-star formation rate plane
• Satellite content and quenching of star formation in galaxy groups at z~1.8
• The Physical Drivers of the Luminosity-Weighted Dust Temperatures in High-Redshift Galaxies
• The ALMA-CRISTAL survey: Dust temperature and physical conditions of the interstellar medium in a typical galaxy at z=5.66
• Starbursts with suppressed velocity dispersion revealed in a forming cluster at z=2.51
• Extragalactic CO emission lines in the CMB experiments: a forgotten signal and a foreground
• A Radio-to-millimeter Census of Star-forming Galaxies in Protocluster 4C~23.56 at z = 2.5 : Global and local gas kinematics
• The ALMA Spectroscopic Survey in the HUDF: Constraining the Molecular Content at $\log (M_{\ast }/M_{\odot })\sim 9.5$ with CO stacking of MUSE detected $z\sim 1.5$ Galaxies
• New-generation dust emission templates for star-forming galaxies
• Variation of dust properties with cosmic time implied by radiative torque disruption
• The Gas Mass Reservoir of Quiescent Galaxies at Cosmic Noon
• Characteristics of mid-infrared PAH emission from star-forming galaxies selected at 250 μm in the North Ecliptic Pole (NEP) field
• The Subtle Effects of Mergers on Star Formation in Nearby Galaxies
• Measurement of the Relativistic Sunyaev-Zeldovich Corrections in RX J1347.5-1145
• Molecular gas budget and characterization of intermediate-mass star-forming galaxies at $z\approx 2-3$
• VALES: IV. Exploring the transition of star formation efficiencies between normal and starburst galaxies using APEX/SEPIA Band-5 and ALMA at low redshift
• Tracing the evolutionary pathways of dust and cold gas in high-z quiescent galaxies with SIMBA
• A High-Resolution, Dust-Selected Molecular Cloud Catalogue of M33, the Triangulum Galaxy
• AGN in Dusty Starbursts at Z=2: Feedback Still To Kick In
• Dust Properties of Local Dust-Obscured Galaxies with the Submillimeter Array
• ALMA Lensing Cluster Survey: A spectral stacking analysis of [CII] in lensed $z\sim 6$ galaxies
• CO Multi-line Imaging of Nearby Galaxies (COMING). X. Physical conditions of molecular gas and the local SFR-Mass relation
• Molecular Gas Properties in the Host Galaxy of GRB080207
• MusE GAs FLOw and Wind (MEGAFLOW) VII. A NOEMA pilot program to probe molecular gas in galaxies with measured circumgalactic gas flows
• The uncertain interstellar medium of high-redshift quiescent galaxies: Impact of methodology
• Metallicity dependence of the CO-to-H${}_2$ and the [CI]-to-H${}_2$ conversion factors in galaxies
• Jansky Very Large Array detections of CO(1-0) emission in HI-absorption-selected galaxies at $z\gtrsim 2$
• Optical integral field spectroscopy of intermediate redshift infrared bright galaxies
• Constraints on galaxy formation from the cosmic-far-infrared-background\,$-$\,optical-imaging cross-correlation using \textit{Herschel} and UNIONS
• The spectral energy distribution of galaxies at z > 2.5: Implications from the Herschel/SPIRE color-color diagram
• Observations of [OI]63micron line emission in main-sequence galaxies at z~1.5
• Do bulges stop stars forming?
• CO Excitation and Line Energy Distributions in Gas-selected Galaxies
• Thermal Regulation and the Star-Forming Main Sequence
• MAMBO -- An empirical galaxy and AGN mock catalogue for the exploitation of future surveys
• Galaxy populations of ProtoClusters in cosmological hydrodynamical simulations
• ALPINE: A Large Survey to Understand Teenage Galaxies
• Metallicity-PAH Relation of MIR-selected Star-forming Galaxies in AKARI North Ecliptic Pole-wide Survey
• Revealing the hidden cosmic feast: A z=4.3 galaxy group hosting two optically dark, efficiently star-forming galaxies
• Variations of the ISM Compactness Across the Main Sequence of Star-Forming Galaxies: Observations and Simulations
• Extragalactic Gamma-ray Background from Star-forming Galaxies: Will Empirical Scalings Suffice?
• Ionized Carbon in Galaxies: The [C II] 158 $\mu$m Line as a Total Molecular Gas Mass Tracer Revisited
• The Spitzer-IRAC/MIPS Extragalactic Survey (SIMES): II enhanced nuclear accretion rate in galaxy groups at z$\sim$0.2
• Gas-to-dust ratio in massive star-forming galaxies at z~1.4
• Constraint on the Gas-to-Dust Ratio in Massive Star-Forming Galaxies at z~1.4
• Gas properties as a function of environment in the proto-supercluster Hyperion at z ~ 2.45
• Behind the dust veil: A panchromatic view of an optically dark galaxy at z=4.82
• ALMA Host galaxy observation of the off-axis Gamma-Ray Burst XRF020903
• The unusual ISM in Blue and Dusty Gas Rich Galaxies (BADGRS)
• "Dust Giant": Extended and Clumpy Star-Formation in a Massive Dusty Galaxy at $z=1.38$
• A${}^3$COSMOS: The dust content of massive quiescent galaxies and its evolution with cosmic time
• Unveiling dust, molecular gas, and high star formation efficiency in extremely UV bright star-forming galaxies at $z\sim 2.1-3.6$
• The ALPINE-ALMA [CII] survey: The infrared-radio correlation and AGN fraction of star-forming galaxies at z $\sim$ 4.4-5.9
• Unveiling the Main Sequence to Starburst Transition Region with a Sample of Intermediate Redshift Luminous Infrared Galaxies
• 12CO and 13CO observation of the low-metallicity dwarf galaxy DDO 154
• Vz-GAL: Probing Cold Molecular Gas in Dusty Star-forming Galaxies at z=1-6
• Host galaxy and nuclear properties of IR-selected AGNs with and without outflow signatures
• A Submillimeter Continuum Survey of Local Dust-Obscured Galaxies
• Measuring the gas reservoirs in $10^8<$ M${}_{\star }<10^{11}$ M${}_{\odot }$ galaxies at $1\le z\le 3$
• Molecular gas content and high excitation of a massive main-sequence galaxy at z = 3
• A mock redshift catalogue of the dusty star-forming galaxy population with intrinsic clustering and lensing for deep millimetre surveys
• ALMA Lensing Cluster Survey: Dust mass measurements as a function of redshift, stellar-mass and star formation rate, from z=1 to z=5
• Investigating variations in the dust emissivity index in the Andromeda galaxy
• A unique distant submillimeter galaxy with an X-ray-obscured radio-luminous active galactic nucleus
• The HASHTAG project: The First Submillimeter Images of the Andromeda Galaxy from the Ground
• First Light And Reionisation Epoch Simulations (FLARES) III: The properties of massive dusty galaxies at cosmic dawn
• Measuring the HI content of individual galaxies out to the epoch of reionization with [CII]
• Main sequence of star formation and colour bimodality considering galaxy environment
• The Origin of the Gas and Its Low Star Formation Efficiency in Quiescent Galaxies
• Deblending the MIGHTEE-COSMOS survey with XID+: The resolved radio source counts to $S_{1.4}\approx 5\mu$Jy
• Uncovering the absorbed atomic Universe with the [OI]63um line
• Noema formIng Cluster survEy (NICE): A Census of Star Formation and Cold Gas Properties in Massive protoclusters at 1.5<z<4
• Challenges of standard halo models in constraining galaxy properties from CIB anisotropies
• An empirical model of the extragalactic radio background
• Far-infrared observations of dust in Ly$\alpha$ emitters at z=2-6
• The NIKA2 cosmological legacy survey at 2 mm: catalogs, colors, redshift distributions, and implications for deep surveys
• Theoretical considerations for star formation at low and high redshift
• Physical Characterization of Serendipitously Uncovered Millimeter-wave Line-emitting Galaxies at z~2.5 behind the Local Luminous Infrared Galaxy VV114