A new look at the infrared properties of z $\sim$ 5 galaxies

Abstract

Recent ALMA large surveys unveiled the presence of significant dust continuum emission in star-forming galaxies at $z>4$. Unfortunately, such large programs -- i.e. ALPINE ($z\sim 5$) and REBELS ($z\sim 7$) -- only provide us with a single Far-Infrared (FIR) continuum data point for their individual targets. Therefore, high-$z$ galaxies FIR spectral energy densities (SEDs) remain mostly unconstrained, hinging on an assumption for their dust temperature ($T_{\mathrm{d}}$) in the SED fitting procedure. This introduces uncertainties in the inferred dust masses ($M_{\mathrm{d}}$), infrared luminosities ($L_{\mathrm{IR}}$), and obscured Star Formation Rate (SFR) fraction at $z>4$. In this work we use a method that allows us to constrain $T_{\mathrm{d}}$ with a single band measurement by combining the $158\mu \mathrm{m}$ continuum information with the overlying [CII] emission line. We analyse the $21$ [CII] and FIR continuum detected $z\sim 5$ galaxies in ALPINE, finding a range of $T_{\mathrm{d}}=25-60\mathrm{K}$ and $M_{\mathrm{d}}=0.6-25.1\times 10^7{\mathrm{M}}_{\odot }$. Given the measured stellar masses of ALPINE galaxies, the inferred dust yields are around $M_{\mathrm{d}}/M_{\star }=(0.2-8)\times 10^{-3}$, consistent with theoretical dust-production constraints. We find that $8$ out of $21$ ALPINE galaxies have $L_{\mathrm{IR}}\ge 10^{12}{\mathrm{L}}_{\odot }$, comparable to UltraLuminous IR Galaxies (ULIRGs). Relying on ultraviolet-to-optical SED fitting, the SFR was underestimated by up to $2$ orders of magnitude in $4$ of these $8$ ULIRGs-like galaxies. We conclude that these $4$ peculiar sources should be characterised by a two-phase interstellar medium structure with "spatially-segregated" FIR and ultraviolet emitting regions.

arXiv commentAccepted for publication in MNRAS. 13 pages, 4 figures

References in corpus (112)

• The Dust Content and Opacity of Actively Star-Forming Galaxies
• The Global Schmidt Law in Star Forming Galaxies
• Starburst99: Synthesis Models for Galaxies with Active Star Formation
• Dust Grain Size Distributions and Extinction in the Milky Way, LMC, and SMC
• Interstellar Dust Grains
• Infrared Emission from Interstellar Dust. IV. The Silicate-Graphite-PAH Model in the Post-Spitzer Era
• UniverseMachine: The Correlation between Galaxy Growth and Dark Matter Halo Assembly from z=0-10
• A Redshift Survey of the Submillimeter Galaxy Population
• Dust Absorption And The Ultraviolet Luminosity Density At z \approx 3 As Calibrated By Local Starburst Galaxies
• Different star formation laws for disks versus starbursts at low and high redshifts
• De Re Metallica: The cosmic chemical evolution of galaxies
• Gas-to-Dust mass ratios in local galaxies over a 2 dex metallicity range
• The Merger Rates and Mass Assembly Histories of Dark Matter Haloes in the Two Millennium Simulations
• The CO-to-H2 Conversion Factor From Infrared Dust Emission Across the Local Group
• Dust Formation in Primordial Type II Supernovae
• The Evolving Interstellar Medium of Star Forming Galaxies Since z=2 as Probed by Their Infrared Spectral Energy Distributions
• COSMOS2020: A panchromatic view of the Universe to $z\sim 10$ from two complementary catalogs
• The Interstellar Medium In Galaxies Seen A Billion Years After The Big Bang
• The Evolution of the Star-forming Interstellar Medium across Cosmic Time
• The applicability of FIR fine-structure lines as Star Formation Rate tracers over wide ranges of metallicities and galaxy types
• The Origin and Evolution of the Galaxy Mass-Metallicity Relation
• The deepest Herschel-PACS far-infrared survey: number counts and infrared luminosity functions from combined PEP/GOODS-H observations
• Planck intermediate results. XLVI. Reduction of large-scale systematic effects in HFI polarization maps and estimation of the reionization optical depth
• Early results from GLASS-JWST. III: Galaxy candidates at z$\sim$9-15
• The Evolution of the Galaxy Stellar Mass Function at z= 4-8: A Steepening Low-mass-end Slope with Increasing Redshift
• Dust in the reionization era: ALMA observations of a $z$=8.38 Galaxy
• Evolution of the dust emission of massive galaxies up to z=4 and constraints on their dominant mode of star formation
• The Role of Stellar Feedback and Dark Matter in the Evolution of Dwarf Galaxies
• ALMA Spectroscopic Survey in the Hubble Ultra Deep Field: The Infrared Excess of UV-selected z=2-10 galaxies as a function of UV-continuum Slope and Stellar Mass
• The evolution of the dust temperatures of galaxies in the SFR$-M_{\ast }$ plane up to $z$$\sim$$2$
• The dust content of galaxies from z = 0 to z = 9
• The ALPINE-ALMA [CII] Survey: data processing, catalogs, and statistical source properties
• "Big Three Dragons": a z = 7.15 Lyman BreakGalaxy Detected in [OIII] 88 $\mu$m, [CII] 158 $\mu$m, and Dust Continuum with ALMA
• SCUBA observations of galaxies with metallicity measurements: a new method for determining the relation between submm luminosity and dust mass
• The [C II] emission as a molecular gas mass tracer in galaxies at low and high redshift
• Stellar Evolutionary Effects on the Abundances of PAH and SN-Condensed Dust in Galaxies
• Detection of the Far-infrared [O III] and Dust Emission in a Galaxy at Redshift 8.312: Early Metal Enrichment in the Heart of the Reionization Era
• The evolution of the mass-metallicity relation in IllustrisTNG
• Dust temperature and mid-to-total infrared color distributions for star-forming galaxies at 0<z<4
• Reionization Era Bright Emission Line Survey: Selection and Characterization of Luminous Interstellar Medium Reservoirs in the z>6.5 Universe
• Evidence for a clumpy, rotating gas disk in a submillimeter galaxy at z=4
• Large Population of ALMA Galaxies at z>6 with Very High [OIII]88um to [CII]158um Flux Ratios: Evidence of Extremely High Ionization Parameter or PDR Deficit?
• The ALPINE-ALMA [CII] survey. Little to no evolution in the [CII]-SFR relation over the last 13 Gyr
• Starbursts in and out of the star-formation main sequence
• The ALPINE-ALMA [CII] survey: Star-formation-driven outflows and circumgalactic enrichment in the early Universe
• Are Dusty Galaxies Blue? Insights on UV Attenuation from Dust-Selected Galaxies
• Essential physics of early galaxy formation
• The ALPINE-ALMA [CII] Survey: Multi-Wavelength Ancillary Data and Basic Physical Measurements
• ALMA uncovers the [CII] emission and warm dust continuum in a z = 8.31 Lyman break galaxy
• Kiloparsec-scale gaseous clumps and star formation at $z=5-7$
• The dust mass in z > 6 normal star forming galaxies
• The ALMA Spectroscopic Survey Large Program: The Infrared Excess of z=1.5-10 UV-selected Galaxies and the Implied High-Redshift Star Formation History
• Extended ionised and clumpy gas in a normal galaxy at z=7.1 revealed by ALMA
• The ALPINE-ALMA [CII] Survey: Size of Individual Star-Forming Galaxies at z=4-6 and their Extended Halo Structure
• On the dust temperatures of high redshift galaxies
• First Identification of 10-kpc Scale [CII] 158um Halos around Star-Forming Galaxies at z=5-7
• The Evolution of the Baryons Associated with Galaxies Averaged over Cosmic Time and Space
• Deep into the structure of the first galaxies: SERRA views
• HerMES: The Contribution to the Cosmic Infrared Background from Galaxies Selected by Mass and Redshift
• Ultraluminous Infrared Galaxies
• Dusty galaxies in the Epoch of Reionization: simulations
• The REBELS ALMA Survey: cosmic dust temperature evolution out to z $\sim$ 7
• The ALMA REBELS Survey: Dust Continuum Detections at z > 6.5
• The Complete Redshift Distribution of Dusty Star-forming Galaxies from the SPT-SZ Survey
• The ALPINE-ALMA [CII] survey: Dust attenuation properties and obscured star formation at z~4.4-5.8
• The ALMA REBELS Survey: the dust content of $z\sim 7$ Lyman Break Galaxies
• The ALPINE-ALMA [CII] survey: Molecular gas budget in the Early Universe as traced by [CII]
• The dust budget crisis in high-redshift submillimetre galaxies
• Are high redshift Galaxies hot? - Temperature of z > 5 Galaxies and Implications on their Dust Properties
• Missing [CII] emission from early galaxies
• Steady Outflows in Giant Clumps of High-z Disk Galaxies During Migration and Growth by Accretion
• A physical model for [CII] line emission from galaxies
• The accretion history of dark matter halos II: The connections with the mass power spectrum and the density profile
• The ALMA REBELS Survey. Epoch of Reionization giants: properties of dusty galaxies at $z\approx 7$
• ALMA reveals metals yet no dust within multiple components in CR7
• A survey of high-$z$ galaxies: SERRA simulations
• ALMA Characterises the Dust Temperature of z ~ 5.5 Star-Forming Galaxies
• Detailed dust modelling in the L-Galaxies semi-analytic model of galaxy formation
• Dust grains from the heart of supernovae
• The ALMA REBELS Survey: Specific Star-Formation Rates in the Reionization Era
• Resolved UV and [CII] structures of luminous galaxies within the epoch of reionisation
• Dual constraints with ALMA: new [O III] 88 $\mu$m and dust-continuum observations reveal the ISM conditions of luminous LBGs at $z\sim 7$
• Starburst to quiescent from HST/ALMA: Stars and dust unveil minor mergers in submillimeter galaxies at $z\sim 4.5$
• Dust production scenarios in galaxies at z ~ 6-8.3
• Obscured star-formation in bright z ~ 7 Lyman-break galaxies
• A Far-Infrared Spectroscopic Survey of Intermediate Redshift (Ultra) Luminous Infrared Galaxies
• Far-infrared metallicity diagnostics: Application to local ultraluminous infrared galaxies
• Accurate dust temperature determination in a $z=7.13$ galaxy
• Warm dust in high-z galaxies: origin and implications
• ALMA detection of extended [CII] emission in Himiko at z=6.6
• The Absence of [CII] 158$\mu$m Emission in Spectroscopically-Confirmed Galaxies at $z>8$
• Dust temperature in ALMA $\hbox{[C $\scriptstyle\rm II $]}$-detected high-$z$ galaxies
• Strong FUV fields drive the [CII]/FIR deficit in z~3 dusty, star-forming galaxies
• The Dynamics, Destruction, and Survival of Supernova-Formed Dust Grains
• The origin of dust in galaxies across cosmic time
• Dust Properties of [CII] Detected z $\sim$ 5.5 Galaxies: New HST/WFC3 Near-IR Observations
• The Mass-Metallicity Relation at z=8: Direct-Method Metallicity Constraints and Near-Future Prospects
• The ALPINE-ALMA [CII] survey: The contribution of major mergers to the galaxy mass assembly at z~5
• The gas, metal and dust evolution in low-metallicity local and high-redshift galaxies
• A dense, solar metallicity ISM in the z=4.2 dusty star-forming galaxy SPT0418-47
• SOFIA mid-infrared observations of Supernova 1987A in 2016 --- forward shocks and possible dust re-formation in the post-shocked region?
• HERUS: The Far-IR/Submm Spectral Energy Distributions of Local ULIRGs & Photometric Atlas
• Observational and theoretical constraints on the formation and early evolution of the first dust grains in galaxies at 5 < z < 10
• High [OIII]/[CII] surface brightness ratios trace early starburst galaxies
• The ALPINE-ALMA [CII] survey: Dust mass budget in the early Universe
• 350 Micron Observations of Ultraluminous Infrared Galaxies at Intermediate Redshifts
• Simulating and interpreting deep observations in the Hubble Ultra Deep Field with the JWST/NIRSpec low-resolution 'prism'
• HerMES: Spectral Energy Distributions of Submillimeter Galaxies at z >4
• Star formation law in the EoR from [CII] and CIII] lines
• Expected dust grain size distributions in galaxies detected by ALMA at $z>7$
• The ALPINE-ALMA [CII] Survey: Investigation of 10 Galaxies at $z\sim 4.5$ with [OII] and [CII] Line Emission $-$ ISM Properties and [OII]$-$SFR Relation
• A simple numerical experiment on the dust temperature bias for Lyman break galaxies at $z\gtrsim 5$

Cited by in corpus (21)

• An empirical study of dust properties at the earliest epochs
• The assembly of dusty galaxies at $z\ge 4$: the build-up of stellar mass and its scaling relations with hints from early JWST data
• Dust attenuation evolution in $z\sim 2$-$12$ JWST galaxies
• The ALMA REBELS Survey: The First Infrared Luminosity Function Measurement at $\mathbf{z \sim 7}
• Dust attenuation law in JWST galaxies at z = 7-8
• The ALMA-CRISTAL survey: Widespread dust-obscured star formation in typical star-forming galaxies at z=4-6
• Synergising semi-analytical models and hydrodynamical simulations to interpret JWST data from the first billion years
• z-GAL -- A NOEMA spectroscopic redshift survey of bright Herschel galaxies: [II] Dust properties
• The ALMA REBELS Survey: Discovery of a massive, highly star-forming and morphologically complex ULIRG at $z=7.31$
• Metal and dust evolution in ALMA REBELS galaxies: insights for future JWST observations
• The mass-metallicity relation as a ruler for galaxy evolution: insights from the James Webb Space Telescope
• NIKA2 Cosmological Legacy Survey: Survey Description and Galaxy Number Counts
• The ALMA-CRISTAL survey: Resolved kinematic studies of main sequence star-forming galaxies at 4<z<6
• A Dusty Dawn: Galactic Dust Buildup at $z\gtrsim 5$
• CEERS: Forging the First Dust Grains in the Universe? A Population of Galaxies with spectroscopically-derived Extremely Low Dust Attenuation (GELDA) at 4.0<z<11.4
• ALMA 1.1mm Observations of a Conservative Sample of High Redshift Massive Quiescent Galaxies in SHELA
• The ALPINE-ALMA [CII] Survey: Unveiling the baryon evolution in the ISM of $z\sim 5$ star-forming galaxies
• Overdense fireworks in GOODS-N: Unveiling a record number of massive dusty star forming galaxies at z$\sim$5.2 with the N2CLS
• Direct detection of cool molecular gas in a star-forming galaxy at $z=7.31$
• Multi-wavelength properties of $z\gtrsim 6$ LISA detectable events
• Evaluating star formation rates at z = 5