Synergising semi-analytical models and hydrodynamical simulations to interpret JWST data from the first billion years

Abstract

The field of high redshift galaxy formation has been revolutionised by JWST, which is yielding unprecedented insights on galaxy assembly at early times. Our key aim is to study the physical mechanisms that can explain the unexpected abundance of bright galaxies at $z\ge 11$, as well as their metal enrichment and spectral properties. We also use recent data to determine the key sources of reionisation. To do so, we implement cold gas fractions and star formation efficiencies derived from the SPHINX20 high-resolution radiation-hydrodynamics simulation into DELPHI, a semi-analytic model that tracks the assembly of dark matter halos and their baryonic components from $z\sim 4.5-40$. In addition, we explore two different methodologies to boost galaxy luminosities at $z\ge 11$: a stellar initial mass function (IMF) that becomes increasingly top-heavy with decreasing metallicity and increasing redshift (eIMF model), and star formation efficiencies that increase with increasing redshift (eSFE model). Our key findings are: (i) both the eIMF and eSFE models can explain the abundance of bright galaxies at $z\ge 11$; (ii) dust attenuation plays an important role for the bright-end of the UV LF at $z\le 11$; (iii) the mass-metallicity relation is in place as early as $z\sim 17$ in all models although its slope is model-dependent; (iv) within the spread of both models and observations, all of our models are in good agreement with current estimates of $\beta$ slopes at $z\sim 5-17$ and Balmer break strengths at $z\sim 6-10$; (v) in the eIMF model, galaxies at $z\ge 12$ or with ${\mathrm{M}}_{\mathrm{UV}}\ge -18$ show values of ${\xi }_{\mathrm{ion}}\sim 10^{25.55}[\mathrm{Hz}\mathrm{er}{\mathrm{g}}^{-1}]$, twice larger than in other models; (vi) star formation in galaxies below $10^9{\mathrm{M}}_{\odot }$ is the key driver of reionisation, providing the bulk ($\sim 85\%$) of ionising photons down to its midpoint at $z\sim 7$.

References in corpus (85)

• The chemical composition of the Sun
• Cosmological Hydrodynamics with Adaptive Mesh Refinement: a new high resolution code called RAMSES
• The Star Formation Rate of Turbulent Magnetized Clouds: Comparing Theory, Simulations, and Observations
• The chemical make-up of the Sun: A 2020 vision
• De Re Metallica: The cosmic chemical evolution of galaxies
• New Constraints on Cosmic Reionization from the 2012 Hubble Ultra Deep Field Campaign
• A Comprehensive Study on Galaxies at z~9-16 Found in the Early JWST Data: UV Luminosity Functions and Cosmic Star-Formation History at the Pre-Reionization Epoch
• The effect of massive binaries on stellar populations and supernova progenitors
• Two Remarkably Luminous Galaxy Candidates at $z\approx 10-12$ Revealed by JWST
• Reionization after Planck: The Derived Growth of the Cosmic Ionizing Emissivity now matches the Growth of the Galaxy UV Luminosity Density
• The evolution of the galaxy UV luminosity function at redshifts z ~ 8-15 from deep JWST and ground-based near-infrared imaging
• Dust in the Early Universe: Dust Formation in the Ejecta of Population III Supernovae
• New Determinations of the UV Luminosity Functions from z~9 to z~2 show a remarkable consistency with halo growth and a constant star formation efficiency
• UV-Continuum Slopes of >4000 z~4-8 Galaxies from the HUDF/XDF, HUDF09, ERS, CANDELS-South, and CANDELS-North Fields
• JADES NIRSpec Spectroscopy of GN-z11: Lyman-$\alpha$ emission and possible enhanced nitrogen abundance in a $z=10.60$ luminous galaxy
• Stellar Population Effects on the Inferred Photon Density at Reionization
• RAMSES-RT: Radiation hydrodynamics in the cosmological context
• The Evolution of the Galaxy Stellar Mass Function at z= 4-8: A Steepening Low-mass-end Slope with Increasing Redshift
• New Measurements of the Ionizing Ultraviolet Background over 2 < z < 5 and Implications for Hydrogen Reionization
• Generating Dark Matter Halo Merger Trees
• The mass evolution of the first galaxies: stellar mass functions and star formation rates at $4<z<7$ in the CANDELS GOODS-South field
• Full-Data Results of Hubble Frontier Fields: UV Luminosity Functions at $z\sim 6-10$ and a Consistent Picture of Cosmic Reionization
• Efficient Formation of Massive Galaxies at Cosmic Dawn by Feedback-Free Starbursts
• The History of the Baryon Budget: Cosmic Logistics in a Hierarchical Universe
• The dust content of galaxies from z = 0 to z = 9
• The ALPINE-ALMA [CII] Survey: data processing, catalogs, and statistical source properties
• Spectroscopic confirmation of two luminous galaxies at $z\sim 14$
• The Extreme Faint End of the UV Luminosity Function at $z\sim 6$ Through Gravitational Telescopes: a comprehensive assessment of strong lensing uncertainties
• On the stunning abundance of super-early, massive galaxies revealed by JWST
• Galaxy Formation and Reionization: Key Unknowns and Expected Breakthroughs by the James Webb Space Telescope
• The brightest galaxies at Cosmic Dawn
• Reionization Era Bright Emission Line Survey: Selection and Characterization of Luminous Interstellar Medium Reservoirs in the z>6.5 Universe
• Confirmation and refutation of very luminous galaxies in the early universe
• A scheme for radiation pressure and photon diffusion with the M1 closure in RAMSES-RT
• Large Population of ALMA Galaxies at z>6 with Very High [OIII]88um to [CII]158um Flux Ratios: Evidence of Extremely High Ionization Parameter or PDR Deficit?
• The Low-Redshift Lyman Continuum Survey I: New, Diverse Local Lyman-Continuum Emitters
• A simple multigrid scheme for solving the Poisson equation with arbitrary domain boundaries
• New Constraints on the Faint-end of the UV Luminosity Function at z~7-8 using the Gravitational Lensing of the Hubble Frontier Fields Cluster A2744
• Unveiling the nature of bright z ~ 7 galaxies with the Hubble Space Telescope
• Galaxy Stellar Mass Functions from z~10 to z~6 using the Deepest Spitzer/IRAC Data: No Significant Evolution in the Stellar-to-Halo Mass Ratio of Galaxies in the First Gyr of Cosmic Time
• Essential physics of early galaxy formation
• Evolution of the UV LF from z~15 to z~8 Using New JWST NIRCam Medium-Band Observations over the HUDF/XDF
• The mean free path of ionizing photons at 5 < z < 6: evidence for rapid evolution near reionization
• The Far-Ultraviolet Continuum Slope as a Lyman Continuum Escape Estimator at High-redshift
• Life beyond 30: probing the -20<M_UV<-17 luminosity function at 8<z<13 with the NIRCam parallel field of the MIRI Deep Survey
• Nitrogen enhancements 440 Myr after the Big Bang: super-solar N/O, a tidal disruption event or a dense stellar cluster in GN-z11?
• Evolution of the galaxy stellar mass functions and UV luminosity functions at $z=6-9$ in the Hubble Frontier Fields
• The ALPINE-ALMA [CII] Survey: Size of Individual Star-Forming Galaxies at z=4-6 and their Extended Halo Structure
• Most of the photons that reionized the Universe came from dwarf galaxies
• Texas Spectroscopic Search for Ly$\alpha$ Emission at the End of Reionization III. the Ly$\alpha$ Equivalent-width Distribution and Ionized Structures at $z>7$
• The ALMA REBELS Survey: Dust Continuum Detections at z > 6.5
• The ALPINE-ALMA [CII] survey: Dust attenuation properties and obscured star formation at z~4.4-5.8
• The ALMA REBELS Survey: the dust content of $z\sim 7$ Lyman Break Galaxies
• Early Results from GLASS-JWST. XIX: A High Density of Bright Galaxies at $z\approx 10$ in the Abell 2744 Region
• Astraeus I: The interplay between galaxy formation and reionization
• Are the ultra-high-redshift galaxies at z > 10 surprising in the context of standard galaxy formation models?
• Balancing the efficiency and stochasticity of star formation with dust extinction in z > 10 galaxies observed by JWST
• z~2-9 Galaxies Magnified by the Hubble Frontier Field Clusters II: Luminosity Functions and Constraints on a Faint-End Turnover
• Missing [CII] emission from early galaxies
• LyC escape from SPHINX galaxies in the Epoch of Reionization
• Galaxy Build-up in the first 1.5 Gyr of Cosmic History: Insights from the Stellar Mass Function at $z\sim 4-9$ from JWST NIRCam Observations
• How to Quench a Dwarf Galaxy: The Impact of Inhomogeneous Reionization on Dwarf Galaxies and Cosmic Filaments
• Has JWST already falsified dark-matter-driven galaxy formation?
• The ALMA REBELS Survey: Specific Star-Formation Rates in the Reionization Era
• Feedback-Free Starbursts at Cosmic Dawn: Observable Predictions for JWST
• The depletion of gas in high-redshift dwarf galaxies from an inhomogeneous reionization
• Dust production scenarios in galaxies at z ~ 6-8.3
• Blue Monsters. Why are JWST super-early, massive galaxies so blue?
• Early Low-Mass Galaxies and Star-Cluster Candidates at z~6-9 Identified by the Gravitational Lensing Technique and Deep Optical/Near-Infrared Imaging
• Impact of the cosmic background radiation on the initial mass function of metal-poor stars
• EPOCHS IV: SED Modelling Assumptions and their impact on the Stellar Mass Function at 6.5 < z < 13.5 using PEARLS and public JWST observations
• The Nature of High ${[\mathrm{OIII}]}_{88\mu \mathrm{m}}$/${[\mathrm{CII}]}_{158\mu \mathrm{m}}$ Galaxies in the Epoch of Reionization: Low Carbon Abundance and a Top-Heavy IMF?
• The impact of an evolving stellar initial mass function on early galaxies and reionisation
• Dusty winds clear JWST super-early galaxies
• Cosmic Reionization After Planck and Before JWST: An Analytic Approach
• Constraints on the Faint End of the Galaxy Stellar Mass Function at z ~ 4-8 from Deep JWST Data
• Seven wonders of Cosmic Dawn: JWST confirms a high abundance of galaxies and AGNs at z $\simeq$ 9-11 in the GLASS field
• JADES: The star-formation and chemical enrichment history of a luminous galaxy at z~9.43 probed by ultra-deep JWST/NIRSpec spectroscopy
• A new look at the infrared properties of z $\sim$ 5 galaxies
• Astraeus V: The emergence and evolution of metallicity scaling relations during the Epoch of Reionization
• The Extreme Low-mass End of the Mass-Metallicity Relation at $z\sim 7$
• Are the Newly-Discovered $z\sim 13$ Drop-out Sources Starburst Galaxies or Quasars?
• Observable and ionizing properties of star-forming galaxies with very massive stars and different IMFs
• UNCOVERing the contribution of black holes to reionization in the JWST era
• A Glimpse of the New Redshift Frontier Through Abell S1063

Cited by in corpus (11)

• A remarkable Ruby: Absorption in dense gas, rather than evolved stars, drives the extreme Balmer break of a Little Red Dot at $z=3.5$
• Density modulated star formation efficiency: implications for the observed abundance of ultra-violet luminous galaxies at z>10
• Exploiting synergies between JWST and cosmic 21-cm observations to uncover star formation in the early Universe
• Pushing JWST to the extremes: search and scrutiny of bright galaxy candidates at z$\simeq$15-30
• ΛCDM is still not broken: empirical constraints on the star formation efficiency at z ~ 12-30
• Exploring Cosmic Dawn with PANORAMIC I: The Bright End of the UVLF at $z\sim 9-17$
• The ionizing photon production efficiency of star-forming galaxies at $z\sim 4-10$
• Mysteries of Capotauro: investigating the puzzling nature of an extreme F356W-dropout
• Narrowing the discovery space of the cosmological 21-cm signal using multi-wavelength constraints
• REBELS-IFU: Spatially Resolved Ionizing Photon Production Efficiencies of 12 Bright Galaxies in the Epoch of Reionization
• Black Hole merger rates in the first billion years in light of JWST data