The Interstellar Medium In Galaxies Seen A Billion Years After The Big Bang

Abstract

Evolution in the measured rest frame ultraviolet spectral slope and ultraviolet to optical flux ratios indicate a rapid evolution in the dust obscuration of galaxies during the first 3 billion years of cosmic time (z>4). This evolution implies a change in the average interstellar medium properties, but the measurements are systematically uncertain due to untested assumptions, and the inability to measure heavily obscured regions of the galaxies. Previous attempts to directly measure the interstellar medium in normal galaxies at these redshifts have failed for a number of reasons with one notable exception. Here we report measurements of the [CII] gas and dust emission in 9 typical (~1-4L*) star-forming galaxies ~1 billon years after the big bang (z~5-6). We find these galaxies have >12x less thermal emission compared with similar systems ~2 billion years later, and enhanced [CII] emission relative to the far-infrared continuum, confirming a strong evolution in the interstellar medium properties in the early universe. The gas is distributed over scales of 1-8 kpc, and shows diverse dynamics within the sample. These results are consistent with early galaxies having significantly less dust than typical galaxies seen at z<3 and being comparable to local low-metallicity systems.

Submitted to Nature, under review after referee report. 22 pages, 4 figures, 4 Extended Data Figures, 5 Extended Data tables

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• Evidence for extended gaseous reservoirs around AGN at cosmic noon from ALMA CO(3-2) observations
• The interstellar medium of high-redshift galaxies: Gathering clues from C III] and [C II] lines
• What do observations tell us about the highest-redshift supermassive black holes?
• The Survey of Lines in M31 (SLIM): The Drivers of the [CII]/TIR Variation
• The UV spectral slope beta and stellar population of most active star-forming galaxies at z~4
• The archival discovery of a strong Lyman-$\alpha$ and [CII] emitter at z = 7.677
• Diagnosing the interstellar medium of galaxies with far-infrared emission lines II. [C II], [O I], [O III], [N II] and [N III] up to z=6
• IR characteristic emission and dust properties of star-forming galaxies at 4.5 $<$ z $<$ 6.2
• COLDz: Probing Cosmic Star Formation With Radio Free-free Emission
• The ALMA-CRISTAL survey: Dust temperature and physical conditions of the interstellar medium in a typical galaxy at z=5.66
• Investigating overdensities around z>6 galaxies through ALMA observations of [CII]
• Cosmic Reionization On Computers. Ultraviolet Continuum Slopes and Dust Opacities in High Redshift Galaxies
• The ALPINE-ALMA [C II] survey: the luminosity function of serendipitous [C II] line emitters at $z\sim 5$
• The extent of intergalactic metal enrichment from galactic winds during the Cosmic Dawn
• The ALPINE-ALMA [CII] Survey: CGM pollution and gas mixing by tidal stripping in a merging system at z~4.57
• Exploring the dusty star-formation in the early Universe using intensity mapping
• Extremely weak CO emission in IZw 18
• A [C II] 158$\mu$m Emitter Associated with an OI Absorber at the End of the Reionization Epoch
• Fine-structure transitions as a tool for studying variation of alpha at high redshifts
• Testing the paradigm: First spectroscopic evidence of a quasar-galaxy Mpc-scale association at cosmic dawn
• The ALMA Frontier Fields survey V: ALMA Stacking of Lyman-Break Galaxies in Abell 2744, Abell 370, Abell S1063, MACSJ0416.1-2403 and MACSJ1149.5+2223
• Properties of Interstellar Medium In Infrared Bright QSOs Probed by [O I]63 micron and [C II]158 micron Emission Lines
• Tomography of the environment of the COSMOS/AzTEC-3 submillimeter galaxy at z=5.3 revealed by Lyalpha and MUSE observations
• Detection of the 2175Å UV Bump at z>7: Evidence for Rapid Dust Evolution in a Merging Reionisation-Era Galaxy
• The Case for Thermalization as a Contributor to the [CII] Deficit
• Spectroscopic confirmation of a gravitationally lensed Lyman break galaxy at z${}_{[CII]}$ = 6.827 using NOEMA
• Carbon envelopes around merging galaxies at z ~ 4.5
• Infrared fine-structure lines at high redshift
• Effects of dust sources on dust attenuation properties in IllustrisTNG galaxies at $z\sim 7$
• ALMA Lensing Cluster Survey: A spectral stacking analysis of [CII] in lensed $z\sim 6$ galaxies
• Analytic models of dust temperature in high-redshift galaxies
• Kpc-scale properties of dust temperature in terms of dust mass and star formation activity
• Spritz is sparkling: simulated CO and [CII] luminosities
• The Star-Forming Interstellar Medium of Lyman Break Galaxy Analogs
• Modeling Dust Production, Growth, and Destruction in Reionization-Era Galaxies with the CROC Simulations: Methods and Parameter Exploration
• Spatially resolved [CII]-gas conversion factor in early galaxies
• A puzzling non-detection of [O III] and [C II] from a $z\approx 7.7$ galaxy observed with ALMA
• High Star Formation Rates of Low Eddington Ratio Quasars at $z\gtrsim 6$
• A comparison of ${\text{H}}_2$ formation models at high redshift
• The ALMA-CRISTAL survey: Extended [CII] emission in an interacting galaxy system at z ~ 5.5
• Molecular Gas Excitation of the Massive Dusty Starburst CRLE and the Main-Sequence Galaxy HZ10 at z=5.7 in the COSMOS Field
• Massive black holes in high-redshift Lyman Break Galaxies
• Observations of Ly$\alpha$ Emitters at High Redshift
• Circumstellar CO J = 3-2 detected around the evolving metal-poor ([Fe/H] ~ -1.15 dex) AGB star RU Vulpeculae
• Environmental effects in Herschel observations of the ionized carbon content of star forming dwarf galaxies in the Virgo cluster
• A simple numerical experiment on the dust temperature bias for Lyman break galaxies at $z\gtrsim 5$
• UV slope of z$\sim$3 bright ($L>L^{\ast }$) Lyman-break galaxies in the COSMOS field
• $\text{slick}$: Modeling a Universe of Molecular Line Luminosities in Hydrodynamical Simulations
• ALMA 1.1mm Observations of a Conservative Sample of High Redshift Massive Quiescent Galaxies in SHELA
• Ionized Carbon in Galaxies: The [C II] 158 $\mu$m Line as a Total Molecular Gas Mass Tracer Revisited
• ALMA Observations for CO Emission from Luminous Lyman-break Galaxies at $z=6.0293$-$6.2037$
• ALPINE: A Large Survey to Understand Teenage Galaxies
• The ALMA-CRISTAL Survey: Complex kinematics of the galaxies at the end of the Reionization Era
• Panchromatic Study of the First Galaxies with Large ALMA Programs
• The ALPINE-ALMA [CII] Survey: Unveiling the baryon evolution in the ISM of $z\sim 5$ star-forming galaxies
• Galaxies into the Dark Ages
• Dust emission from the bulk of galaxies at the Epoch of Reionization
• Searching for [CII] Emission from the First Sample of $z\sim 6$ OI Absorption-Associated Galaxies with ALMA
• "Zombie" or active? An alternative explanation to the properties of star-forming galaxies at high redshift
• CONCERTO at APEX -- On-sky performance in continuum
• [CII] luminosity models and large-scale image cubes based on COSMOS 2020 and ALPINE-ALMA [CII] data back to the epoch of reionisation
• JADES Dark Horse: demonstrating high-multiplex observations with JWST/NIRSpec dense-shutter spectroscopy in the JADES Origins Field
• A theoretical investigation of far-infrared fine structure lines at $z>6$ and of the origin of the [OIII]88/[CII]158 enhancement
• Bright [CII]158$\mu$m Streamers as a Beacon for Giant Galaxy Formation in SPT2349$-$56 at $z=4.3$
• Characterizing [C II] Line Emission In Massive Star Forming Clumps
• The ALMA view of UV irradiated cloud edges: unexpected structures and processes
• First Light And Reionisation Epoch Simulations (FLARES) III: The properties of massive dusty galaxies at cosmic dawn
• Direct detection of cool molecular gas in a star-forming galaxy at $z=7.31$
• Measuring the HI content of individual galaxies out to the epoch of reionization with [CII]
• Early galaxy evolution: The complex interstellar medium distribution of the z~7 galaxy A1689-zD1
• Tight correlation of star formation with [Ci] and CO lines across cosmic time
• Multiphase images of a powerful supernova-driven wind in the early Universe
• The ALMA View of High-Redshift Galaxy Formation
• Unveiling the most luminous Lyman-α emitters in the epoch of reionisation
• Far-infrared observations of dust in Ly$\alpha$ emitters at z=2-6
• Uncovering the absorbed atomic Universe with the [OI]63um line
• Hiding behind a curtain of dust: Gas and dust properties of an ultra-luminous strongly-lensed z = 3.75 galaxy behind the Milky Way disk