The Universe is Reionizing at z~7: Bayesian Inference of the IGM Neutral Fraction Using Ly$\alpha$ Emission from Galaxies

Abstract

We present a new flexible Bayesian framework for directly inferring the fraction of neutral hydrogen in the intergalactic medium (IGM) during the Epoch of Reionization (EoR, z~6-10) from detections and non-detections of Lyman Alpha (Ly$\alpha$) emission from Lyman break galaxies (LBGs). Our framework combines sophisticated reionization simulations with empirical models of the interstellar medium (ISM) radiative transfer effects on Ly$\alpha$. We assert that the Ly$\alpha$ line profile emerging from the ISM has an important impact on the resulting transmission of photons through the IGM, and that these line profiles depend on galaxy properties. We model this effect by considering the peak velocity offset of Ly$\alpha$ lines from host galaxies' systemic redshifts, which are empirically correlated with UV luminosity and redshift (or halo mass at fixed redshift). We use our framework on the sample of LBGs presented in Pentericci et al. (2014) and infer a global neutral fraction at z~7 of ${\overline{x}}_{\mathrm{HI}}=0.59_{-0.15}^{+0.11}$, consistent with other robust probes of the EoR and confirming reionization is on-going ~700 Myr after the Big Bang. We show that using the full distribution of Ly$\alpha$ equivalent width detections and upper limits from LBGs places tighter constraints on the evolving IGM than the standard Ly$\alpha$ emitter fraction, and that larger samples are within reach of deep spectroscopic surveys of gravitationally lensed fields and JWST NIRSpec.

arXiv comment15 pages, 14 figures. Accepted for publication in ApJ

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• Constraining Lyman-alpha spatial offsets at $3<z<5.5$ from VANDELS slit spectroscopy
• The XQR-30 Metal Absorber Catalog: 778 Absorption Systems Spanning 2 < z < 6.5
• Predicting Ly$\alpha$ Emission from Galaxies via Empirical Markers of Production and Escape in the KBSS
• On the sizes of ionized bubbles around the highest redshift galaxies. Spectral shapes of the Lyman-alpha emission from galaxies
• The Physical Properties of Luminous $z\gtrsim 8$ Galaxies and Implications for the Cosmic Star Formation Rate Density From $\sim$0.35 deg${}^2$ of (Pure-)Parallel HST Observations
• Observational constraints on key-parameters of cosmic reionisation history
• Inferring the Thermal History of the Intergalactic Medium from the Properties of the Hydrogen and Helium Lyman-alpha Forest
• JADES: Primaeval Lyman-$\alpha$ emitting galaxies reveal early sites of reionisation out to redshift $z\sim 9$
• Constraints on the End of Reionization from the Density Fields Surrounding Two Highly Opaque Quasar Sightlines
• Lyman Alpha Reference Sample: X. Predicting Lyman alpha output from starforming galaxies using multivariate regression
• Outshining in the Spatially Resolved Analysis of a Strongly-Lensed Galaxy at z=6.072 with JWST NIRCam
• The Semi-forbidden CIII]$\lambda$1909Å~ Emission in the Rest-Ultraviolet Spectra of Green Pea Galaxies
• Discovery of a z = 7.452 High Equivalent Width Lyman-α Emitter from the Hubble Space Telescope Faint Infrared Grism Survey
• Lyman-alpha transmission properties of the intergalactic medium in the CoDaII simulation
• 21cmEMU: an emulator of 21cmFAST summary observables
• The Universe is at Most 88% Neutral at z=10.6
• Dark-ages Reionization and Galaxy Formation Simulation XX. The Ly$\alpha$ IGM transmission properties and environment of bright galaxies during the Epoch of Reionization
• Simulating the effect of photoheating feedback during reionization
• The Infrared Medium-deep Survey. VIII. Quasar Luminosity Function at $z\sim 5$
• Texas Spectroscopic Search for Ly$\alpha$ Emission at the End of Reionization I. Constraining the Ly$\alpha$ Equivalent Width Distribution at 6.0 < $z$ < 7.0
• SuperBoRG: Exploration of point sources at $z\sim 8$ in HST parallel fields
• Confirmation of double peaked Lyman-alpha emission at z=6.593: Witnessing a galaxy directly contributing to the reionisation of the Universe
• Joint estimation of the Epoch of Reionization power spectrum and foregrounds
• SPICE: the connection between cosmic reionisation and stellar feedback in the first galaxies
• First study of reionization in the Planck 2015 normalized closed $\Lambda$CDM inflation model
• RELICS: Strong Lensing analysis of the galaxy clusters Abell S295, Abell 697, MACS J0025.4-1222, and MACS J0159.8-0849
• The Goldilocks problem of the quasar contribution to reionization
• Future Constraints on the Reionization History and the Ionizing Sources from Gamma-ray Burst Afterglows
• Recovery and analysis of rest-frame UV emission lines in 2052 galaxies observed with MUSE at $1.5<z<6.4$
• The Magellan M2FS Spectroscopic Survey of High-Redshift Galaxies: A Sample of 260 Ly$\alpha$ Emitters at Redshift $z\approx 5.7$
• The Low-Redshift Lyman Continuum Survey: Optically Thin and Thick Mg II Lines as Probes of Lyman Continuum Escape
• Probing the thermal history during reionization using a semi-numerical photon-conserving code SCRIPT
• Retrieving cosmological information from small-scale CMB foregrounds II. The kinetic Sunyaev Zel'dovich effect
• Examining the Decline in the C IV Content of the Universe over 4.3 < z < 6.3 using the E-XQR-30 Sample
• The size-luminosity relation of lensed galaxies at $z=6-9$ in the Hubble Frontier Fields
• Constraining the Tail-End of Reionization Using Lyman-$\alpha$ Transmission Spikes
• Improved treatments of the ionizing photon mean free path in semi-numerical simulations of reionization
• IGM Transmission Bias for $z$ $\ge$ 2.9 Lyman Continuum Detected Galaxies
• SuperBoRG: Search for The Brightest of Reionizing Galaxies and Quasars in HST Parallel Imaging Data
• Predicting Lyman-alpha escape fractions with a simple observable: Lyman-alpha in emission as an empirically calibrated star formation rate indicator
• SCORCH. II. Radiation-Hydrodynamic simulations of reionization with varying radiation escape fractions
• Evolution of Neutral Oxygen During the Epoch of Reionization and its Use in Estimating the Neutral Hydrogen Fraction
• LIMFAST. II. Line Intensity Mapping as a Probe of High-Redshift Galaxy Formation
• The Mean Absorption Line Spectra of a Selection of Luminous z~6 Lyman Break Galaxies
• Studying the morphology of reionisation with the triangle correlation function of phases
• CLEAR: Boosted Ly$\alpha$ Transmission of the Intergalactic Medium in UV bright Galaxies
• BEoRN: A fast and flexible framework to simulate the epoch of reionisation and cosmic dawn
• 21cmfish: Fisher-matrix framework for fast parameter forecasts from the cosmic 21-cm signal
• The impact of non-Gaussianity on the Epoch of Reionization parameter forecast using 21-cm power spectrum measurements
• Large-scale variation in reionization history caused by Baryon-dark matter streaming velocity
• Lyman Continuum Galaxy Candidates in COSMOS
• The Size and Pervasiveness of Ly$\alpha$-UV Spatial Offsets in Star-Forming Galaxies at $z\sim 6$
• The influence of metagalactic ultra-violet background fluctuations on the high-redshift Ly$\alpha$ forest
• Constraining the reionization and thermal history of the Universe using a semi-numerical photon-conserving code SCRIPT
• A-SLOTH reveals the nature of the first stars
• Outside the Lyman-break box: detecting Lyman continuum emitters at $3.5<z<5.1$ with CLAUDS
• Constraining the Gravitational Lensing of $z\gtrsim 6$ Quasars from their Proximity Zones
• Anatomy of an ionized bubble: NIRCam grism spectroscopy of the $z=6.6$ double-peaked Lyman-$\alpha$ emitter COLA1 and its environment
• Constraining Reionization in Progress at z=5.7 with Lyman-$\alpha$ Emitters: Voids, Peaks, and Cosmic Variance
• Joining bits and pieces of reionization history
• Nature and Nurture? Comparing Ly$\alpha$ Detections in UV-Bright and Fainter [O III]+H$\beta$ Emitters at $z\sim 8$ With Keck/MOSFIRE
• Astraeus VIII: A new framework for Lyman-$\alpha$ emitters applied to different reionisation scenarios
• Upper limits on the escape fraction of ionizing radiation from galaxies at $2\lesssim z<6$
• First study of reionization in tilted flat and untilted non-flat dynamical dark energy inflation models
• The spin-temperature dependence of the 21cm -- LAE cross-correlation
• Early Results from GLASS-JWST XXIII: The transmission of Lyman-alpha from UV-faint z ~ 3-6 galaxies
• Probing Reionization and Early Cosmic Enrichment with the MgII Forest
• Cosmic Reionization History and Dark Matter Scenarios
• The THESAN project: Lyman-alpha emitter luminosity function calibration
• Constraints on the $z\sim 6-13$ intergalactic medium from JWST spectroscopy of Lyman-alpha damping wings in galaxies
• Late-end reionization with ATON-HE: towards constraints from Lyman-$\alpha$ emitters observed with JWST
• The effects of binary stars on galaxies and metal-enriched gas during reionization
• The impact and response of minihalos and the inter-halo medium on cosmic reionization
• Photoevaporation of Minihalos during Cosmic Reionization: Primordial and Metal-Enriched Halos
• Implications of the $z>5$ Lyman-$\alpha$ forest for the 21-cm power spectrum from the epoch of reionization
• Ly$\alpha$ forest power spectrum as an emerging window into the epoch of reionization and cosmic dawn
• The archival discovery of a strong Lyman-$\alpha$ and [CII] emitter at z = 7.677
• Beyond optical depth: Future determination of ionization history from the CMB
• Evolution of the Lyman-α emitting fraction and UV properties of lensed star-forming galaxies between 2.9 < z < 6.7
• Lyman-alpha Emitters in Ionized Bubbles: Constraining the Environment and Ionized Fraction
• Synergizing 21 cm and sub-millimetre surveys during reionization: new empirical insights
• Introducing the Texas Euclid Survey for Lyman Alpha (TESLA) Survey: Initial Study Correlating Galaxy Properties to Lyman-Alpha Emission
• The Impact of Cosmic Variance on Inferences of Global Neutral Fraction Derived from Ly$\alpha$ Luminosity Functions During Reionization
• Mapping reionization bubbles in the JWST era I: empirical edge detection with Lyman alpha emission from galaxies
• Eddington accreting Black Holes in the Epoch of Reionization
• Non-parametric Reconstruction of Photon Escape Fraction from Reionization
• Extracting the astrophysics of reionization from the Ly$\alpha$ forest power spectrum: a first forecast
• The first molecules in the intergalactic medium and halos of the Dark Ages and Cosmic Dawn
• A fast method of reionization parameter space exploration using GPR trained SCRIPT
• The impact of faint AGN discovered by JWST on reionization
• RELICS-DP7: Spectroscopic Confirmation of a Dichromatic Primeval Galaxy at z ~ 7
• Can galaxy evolution mimic cosmic reionization?
• The impact of Lyman-$\alpha$ emission line heating and cooling on the cosmic dawn 21-cm signal
• Probing the Early History of Cosmic Reionization by Future Cosmic Microwave Background Experiments
• Mapping reionization bubbles in the JWST era II: inferring the position and characteristic size of individual bubbles
• The JWST Emission Line Survey (JELS): Extending rest-optical narrow-band emission line selection into the Epoch of Reionization
• Detecting galaxy-21-cm cross-correlation during reionization
• Dark Twilight Joined with the Light of Dawn to Unveil the Reionization History
• The KMOS Lens-Amplified Spectroscopic Survey (KLASS): Kinematics and clumpiness of low-mass galaxies at cosmic noon
• Lyman Alpha Emitters and the 21cm Power Spectrum as Probes of Density-Ionization Correlation in the Epoch of Reionization
• Inferring the Distribution of the Ionising Photon Escape Fraction
• Reionization and Cosmic Dawn: theory and simulations
• Rapid and Late Cosmic Reionization Driven by Massive Galaxies: a Joint Analysis of Constraints from 21-cm, Lyman Line & CMB Data Sets
• A Differentiable, End-to-End Forward Model for 21 cm Cosmology: Estimating the Foreground, Instrument, and Signal Joint Posterior
• Studying the Multi-frequency Angular Power Spectrum of the Cosmic Dawn 21-cm Signal
• Impact of the primordial fluctuation power spectrum on the reionization history
• Distinguishing AGN from starbursts as the origin of double peaked Lyman-Alpha Emitters in the reionization era
• HeII Ly$\alpha$ Transmission Spikes and Absorption Troughs in Eight High-resolution Spectra Probing the End of HeII Reionization
• A unique window into the Epoch of Reionisation: A double-peaked Lyman-$\alpha$ emitter in the proximity zone of a quasar at $z\sim 6.6$
• The Epoch of Reionization in Warm Dark Matter Scenarios
• Reconstructing the epoch of reionisation with Planck PR4
• Unveiling dust, molecular gas, and high star formation efficiency in extremely UV bright star-forming galaxies at $z\sim 2.1-3.6$
• Global signal in the redshifted hydrogen 21-cm line from the Dark Ages and Cosmic Dawn: Dependence on the nature of dark matter and modeling of first light
• Effects of Small-Scale Absorption Systems on Neutral Islands during the Late Epoch of Reionization
• The impact of cosmic ray feedback during the epoch of reionisation
• Narrowing the discovery space of the cosmological 21-cm signal using multi-wavelength constraints
• High-redshift AGN population in radiation-hydrodynamics simulations
• Reionizing islands with inhomogeneous recombinations
• Global 21 cm signal: a promising probe of primordial features
• Reionization relics in the cross-correlation between the Ly$\alpha$ forest and 21 cm intensity mapping in the post-reionization era
• Model-independent Reconstruction of UV Luminosity Function and Reionization Epoch
• The effect of ionizing background fluctuations on the spatial correlations of high redshift Ly$\alpha$-emitting galaxies
• Reionization in Protocluster Environments at $z>7$ with JWST/NIRSpec
• Cosmic Dawn II (CoDa II): a new radiation-hydrodynamics simulation of the self-consistent coupling of galaxy formation and reionization
• A resolved Lyman-Alpha profile with doubly peaked emission at z~7
• Measuring the IGM correlation length at 5<z<6.1: a fast change at the end of Reionization
• Impact of the cosmological expansion on spectral energy density of radiation in the intergalactic medium and once more about Olbers' paradox
• The MUSE Hubble Ultra Deep Field Survey XIV. The evolution of the Lya emitter fraction from z=3 to z=6
• An emulator for the ionizing photon mean free path in ultra-high resolution simulations: the implications of mean free path measurements for the reionization history
• Deep JWST spectroscopy of galaxies in a candidate ionized bubble at $z=8.7$: probing reionization at pMpc scales with Ly$\alpha$ emission
• Reionization in HESTIA: Studying reionization in the LG through zoom simulations
• Probing power spectrum enhancement at small scales with the SKA
• Modelling intergalactic low ionisation metal absorption line systems near the epoch of reionization
• Resolving dust and Lyα emission in a lensed galaxy at the epoch of reionization with JWST/CANUCS
• Studying dark gaps in Ly-$\alpha$ forest transmission with large reionization simulations
• Direct reconstruction of the Reionization history from 21cm 2D Power Spectra