Evidence of patchy hydrogen reionization from an extreme Ly$\alpha$ trough below redshift six

Abstract

We report the discovery of an extremely long ($\sim$110 Mpc/$h$) and dark (${\tau }_{\mathrm{eff}}\gtrsim 7$) Ly$\alpha$ trough extending down to $z\simeq 5.5$ towards the $z_{\mathrm{em}}\simeq 6.0$ quasar ULAS J0148+0600. We use these new data in combination with Ly$\alpha$ forest measurements from 42 quasars at $4.5\le z_{\mathrm{em}}\le 6.4$ to conduct an updated analysis of the line-of-sight variance in the intergalactic Ly$\alpha$ opacity over $4\le z\le 6$. We find that the scatter in transmission among lines of sight near $z\sim 6$ significantly exceeds theoretical expectations for either a uniform ultraviolet background (UVB) or simple fluctuating UVB models in which the mean free path to ionizing photons is spatially invariant. The data, particularly near $z\simeq 5.6$-5.8, instead require fluctuations in the volume-weighted hydrogen neutral fraction that are a factor of 3 or more beyond those expected from density variations alone. We argue that these fluctuations are most likely driven by large-scale variations in the mean free path, consistent with expectations for the final stages of inhomogeneous hydrogen reionization. Even by $z\simeq 5.6$, however, a large fraction of the data are consistent with a uniform UVB, and by $z\sim 5$ the data are fully consistent with opacity fluctuations arising solely from the density field. This suggests that while reionization may be ongoing at $z\sim 6$, it has fully completed by $z\sim 5$.

arXiv comment19 pages, 20 figures, MNRAS, in press

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• Persistent topology of the reionization bubble network. II: Evolution & Classification
• Implications of the $z>5$ Lyman-$\alpha$ forest for the 21-cm power spectrum from the epoch of reionization
• A new scale in the bias expansion
• Conditions for direct black hole seed collapse near a radio-loud quasar 1 Gyr after the Big Bang
• Wavelet Based Statistics for Enhanced 21cm EoR Parameter Constraints
• Constraints on the state of the IGM at $z\sim 8-10$ using redshifted 21-cm observations with LOFAR
• Possible evidence for a large-scale enhancement in the Lyman-$\alpha$ forest power spectrum at redshift $\text{z}\ge 4$
• A galaxy-free phenomenological model for the 21-cm power spectrum during reionization
• The THESAN-ZOOM project: Population III star formation continues until the end of reionization
• Ly$\alpha$ forest power spectrum as an emerging window into the epoch of reionization and cosmic dawn
• The ACS LCID Project XI. On the early time resolution of LG dwarf galaxy SFHs: Comparing the effects of reionization in models with observations
• SCORCH. III. Analytical Models of Reionization with Varying Clumping Factors
• CII and HI 21-cm line intensity mapping from the EoR: Impact of the light-cone effect on auto and cross-power spectra
• Was there an early reionization component in our universe?
• CHORUS IV: Mapping the Spatially Inhomogeneous Cosmic Reionization with Subaru HSC
• The high-redshift tail of stellar reionization in LCDM is beyond the reach of the low-$\ell$ CMB
• Probing delayed-end reionization histories with the 21cm-LAE cross-power spectrum
• Distinguishing reionization models using the largest cluster statistics of the 21-cm maps
• A fast method of reionization parameter space exploration using GPR trained SCRIPT
• Probing the intergalactic medium during the Epoch of Reionization using 21-cm signal power spectra
• Probing quasar lifetimes with proximate $21$-centimetre absorption in the diffuse intergalactic medium at redshifts $z\ge 6$
• Probing the fluctuating Ultra-violet background using the Hubble Frontier Fields
• Cosmic Reionization on Computers: Physical Origin of Long Dark Gaps in Quasar Absorption Spectra
• A Generative Model for Quasar Spectra
• Improving IGM temperature constraints using wavelet analysis on high-redshift quasars
• New Interpretations of the Cosmological Preference for a Negative Neutrino Mass
• The environments and hosts of metal absorption at z>5
• Forecasting constraints on the mean free path of ionizing photons at $z\ge 5.4$ from the Lyman-$\alpha$ forest flux auto-correlation function
• Maximal X-ray feedback in the pre-reionization universe
• The Baryon Cycle at High Redshifts: Effects of Galactic Winds on Galaxy Evolution in Overdense and Average Regions
• The less and the more IGM transmitted galaxies from z~2.7 to z~6 from VANDELS and VUDS
• Probing patchy reionisation with JWST: IGM opacity constraints from the Lyman-$\alpha$ forest of galaxies in legacy extragalactic fields
• The Effects of Dark Matter Annihilation on Cosmic Reionization
• Optical and near-infrared spectroscopy of quasars at $z>6.5$: public data release and composite spectrum
• Line of sight anisotropies in the Cosmic Dawn and EoR 21-cm power spectrum
• Subaru medium-resolution spectra of a QSO at z=6.62: Three reionization tests
• Modeling the Intergalactic Medium during the Epoch of Reionization
• Interpreting the HI 21-cm cosmology maps through Largest Cluster Statistics -- I: Impact of the synthetic SKA1-Low observations
• Studying the Multi-frequency Angular Power Spectrum of the Cosmic Dawn 21-cm Signal
• High-redshift quasar selection from the CFHQSIR survey
• Understanding the "Feeble Giant" Crater II with tidally stretched Wave Dark Matter
• Ly$\alpha$NNA: A Deep Learning Field-level Inference Machine for the Lyman-$\alpha$ Forest
• Revealing new high redshift quasar populations through Gaussian mixture model selection
• The Lyman-limit photon mean free path at the end of late reionisation in the Sherwood-Relics simulations
• HeII Ly$\alpha$ Transmission Spikes and Absorption Troughs in Eight High-resolution Spectra Probing the End of HeII Reionization
• Photometric IGM tomography with Subaru/HSC: the large-scale structure of Ly$\alpha$ emitters and IGM transmission in the COSMOS field at $z\sim 5$
• Prospects of a statistical detection of the 21-cm forest and its potential to constrain the thermal state of the neutral IGM during reionization
• Linear Polarization of the 21 cm Line from the Epoch of Reionization
• Reionization Models Classifier using 21cm Map Deep Learning
• Assuming Ionization Equilibrium and the Impact on the Lyman-$\alpha$ Forest Power Spectrum during the End of Reionization at $8\ge z\ge 5$
• A luminous molecular gas pair beyond redshift 7
• Effects of Small-Scale Absorption Systems on Neutral Islands during the Late Epoch of Reionization
• The Qz5 Survey (I): How the HI Mass Density of the Universe Evolves With Cosmic Time
• Lognormal semi-numerical simulations of the Lyman-$\alpha$ forest: comparison with full hydrodynamic simulations
• Reionizing islands with inhomogeneous recombinations
• Gamma-Ray Absorption By The Cosmic Lyman Continuum From Star-forming Galaxies
• Ly$\alpha$ Emission from [OIII] Emitters Near Reionization: The role of environment in galaxy Ly$\alpha$ detection
• Constraints on the galaxy formation models during epoch of reionization with high redshift observations
• GRBs as Probes of the IGM
• The effect of ionizing background fluctuations on the spatial correlations of high redshift Ly$\alpha$-emitting galaxies
• Unveiling the Phase Transition of the Universe During the Reionization Epoch with Lyman-alpha
• Quantifying Lyman-$\alpha$ emissions from reionization fronts
• An emulator for the ionizing photon mean free path in ultra-high resolution simulations: the implications of mean free path measurements for the reionization history
• Modified Cosmology or Modified Galaxy Astrophysics is Driving the z>6 JWST Results? CMB Experiments can discover the Origin in the Near Future
• Measuring the IGM correlation length at 5<z<6.1: a fast change at the end of Reionization
• Mapping neutral islands during end stages of reionization with photometric intergalactic medium tomography
• Imaging reionization's last phases with I-front Lyman-$\alpha$ emissions
• Fast Luminous Blue Transients in the Reionization Era and Beyond
• The effect of helium reionization on the Lyman-alpha forest hydrogen flux statistics
• First Light: Switching on Stars at the Dawn of Time
• Neural network emulator to constrain the high-$z$ IGM thermal state from Lyman-$\alpha$ forest flux auto-correlation function
• Nearest Neighbour-Based Statistics for 21cm-Galaxy Cross-Correlations in the Epoch of Reionization
• Studying dark gaps in Ly-$\alpha$ forest transmission with large reionization simulations
• Optimizing Foreground Modelling for Global 21cm Cosmology with GPU-Accelerated Nested Sampling
• Modelling intergalactic low ionisation metal absorption line systems near the epoch of reionization
• Galaxy Proximate Damped Lyman-Alpha Systems and HI Reionization Topology in TECHNICOLOR DAWN