Conditions for Reionizing the Universe with A Low Galaxy Ionizing Photon Escape Fraction

Abstract

We explore scenarios for reionizing the intergalactic medium with low galaxy ionizing photon escape fractions. We combine simulation-based halo-mass dependent escape fractions with an extrapolation of the observed galaxy rest-ultraviolet luminosity functions to solve for the reionization history from z=20 to z=4. We explore the posterior distributions for key unknown quantities, including the limiting halo mass for star-formation, the ionizing photon production efficiency, and a potential contribution from active galactic nuclei (AGN). We marginalize over the allowable parameter space using a Markov Chain Monte Carlo method, finding a solution which satisfies the most model-independent constraints on reionization. Our fiducial model can match observational constraints with an average escape fraction of <5% throughout the bulk of the epoch of reionization if: i) galaxies form stars down to the atomic cooling limit before reionization and a photosuppression mass of log(M_h/Msol)~9 during/after reionization (-13<M_UV,lim<-11); ii) galaxies become more efficient producers of ionizing photons at higher redshifts and fainter magnitudes, and iii) there is a significant, but sub-dominant, contribution by AGN at z < 7. In this model the faintest galaxies (M_UV>-15) dominate the ionizing emissivity, leading to an earlier start to reionization and a smoother evolution of the ionized volume filling fraction than models which assume a single escape fraction at all redshifts and luminosities. The ionizing emissivity from this model is consistent with observations at z=4-5 (and below, when extrapolated), in contrast to some models which assume a single escape fraction. Our predicted ionized volume filling fraction at z=7 of Q_HII=78% (+\- 8%) is in ~1-2 sigma tension with observations of Lya emitters at z~7 and the damping wing analyses of the two known z>7 quasars, which prefer Q_HII,z=7~40-50%.

arXiv comment45 pages, 21 figures, accepted for publication in the Astrophysical Journal

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• The THESAN project: ionizing escape fractions of reionization-era galaxies
• Searching for Islands of Reionization: A Potential Ionized Bubble Powered by a Spectroscopic Overdensity at z = 8.7
• Elevated ionizing photon production efficiency in faint high-equivalent-width Lyman-alpha emitters
• Inferring the IGM Neutral Fraction at z ~ 6-8 with Low-Luminosity Lyman Break Galaxies
• A Lyman-α protocluster at redshift 6.9
• LAGER Ly$\alpha$ Luminosity Function at $z\sim 7$, Implications for Reionization
• (Re)Solving Reionization with Lyα: How Bright Lyα Emitters account for the $z\approx 2-8$ Cosmic Ionizing Background
• Simulation-Based Inference of Reionization Parameters From 3D Tomographic 21 cm Lightcone Images
• Hydrodynamic Response of the Intergalactic Medium to Reionization
• JADES: Discovery of extremely high equivalent width Lyman-alpha emission from a faint galaxy within an ionized bubble at z=7.3
• A short mean free path at $z=6$ favors late and rapid reionization by faint galaxies
• The ionising photon production efficiency at z~6 for Lyman-alpha emitters using JEMS and MUSE
• HST Imaging of the Ionizing Radiation from a Star-forming Galaxy at z = 3.794
• Low-redshift compact star-forming galaxies as analogues of high-redshift star-forming galaxies
• Witnessing the onset of reionisation via Lyman-$\alpha$ emission at redshift 13
• An extreme blue nugget, UV-bright starburst at z=3.613 with ninety per cent of Lyman continuum photon escape
• Lyman-$\alpha$ as a tracer of cosmic reionisation in the SPHINX radiation-hydrodynamics cosmological simulation
• Introducing SPHINX-MHD: The Impact of Primordial Magnetic Fields on the First Galaxies, Reionization, and the Global 21cm Signal
• No strong dependence of Lyman continuum leakage on physical properties of star-forming galaxies at $3.1\lesssim \mathbf{z}\lesssim 3.5$
• ALMA Confirmation of an Obscured Hyperluminous Radio-Loud AGN at $z=6.853$ Associated with a Dusty Starburst in the 1.5 deg${}^2$ COSMOS Field
• Probing the Bright End of the Rest-Frame Ultraviolet Luminosity Function at z = 8-10 with Hubble Pure-Parallel Imaging
• The Lyman Continuum Escape Survey: Connecting Time-Dependent [OIII] and [OII] Line Emission with Lyman Continuum Escape Fraction in Simulations of Galaxy Formation
• UV absorption lines and their potential for tracing the Lyman continuum escape fraction
• High Equivalent Width of Hα+[N II] Emission in z~8 Lyman-break Galaxies from IRAC 5.8μm Observations: Evidence for Efficient Lyman-continuum Photon production in the Epoch of Re-ionization
• The UV-brightest Lyman continuum emitting star-forming galaxy
• Chronicling the reionization history at $6\lesssim z\lesssim 7$ with emergent quasar damping wings
• Modeling UV Radiation Feedback from Massive Stars: III. Escape of Radiation from Star-forming Giant Molecular Clouds
• Damping Wing-Like Features in the Stacked Ly$\alpha$ Forest: Potential Neutral Hydrogen Islands at $z<6$
• The VANDELS survey: a measurement of the average Lyman-continuum escape fraction of star-forming galaxies at z=3.5
• Semi-analytic forecasts for JWST -- III. Intrinsic production efficiency of Lyman-continuum radiation
• Definitive upper bound on the negligible contribution of quasars to cosmic reionization
• Semi-analytic forecasts for JWST -- V. AGN luminosity functions and helium reionization at z = 2-7
• JADES: The star-formation and chemical enrichment history of a luminous galaxy at z~9.43 probed by ultra-deep JWST/NIRSpec spectroscopy
• Peering into cosmic reionization: the Ly$\alpha$ visibility evolution from galaxies at $z$ = 4.5-8.5 with JWST
• Spectral shapes of the Lyman-alpha emission from galaxies: I. blueshifted emission and intrinsic invariance with redshift
• JWST FRESCO: a comprehensive census of H$\beta$+[OIII] emitters at 6.8<z<9.0 in the GOODS fields
• Exploring the epoch of hydrogen reionization using FRBs
• Photometric properties of reionization-epoch galaxies in the Simba simulations
• The Ionizing Photon Production Efficiency (${\xi }_{ion}$) Of Lensed Dwarf Galaxies At $z\sim 2$
• SILVERRUSH XI: Constraints on the Ly$\alpha$ luminosity function and cosmic reionization at $z=7.3$ with Subaru/Hyper Suprime-Cam
• The Redshift Evolution of Rest-UV Spectroscopic Properties to z~5
• Tracing Lyman-alpha and Lyman Continuum Escape in Galaxies with Mg II Emission
• Double-peaked Lyman-$\alpha$ emission at z=6.803: a reionisation-era galaxy self-ionising its local HII bubble
• On the sizes of ionized bubbles around the highest redshift galaxies. Spectral shapes of the Lyman-alpha emission from galaxies
• The [OIII]$\lambda 5007$ equivalent width distribution at z $\sim 2$: The redshift evolution of the extreme emission line galaxies
• JADES: Primaeval Lyman-$\alpha$ emitting galaxies reveal early sites of reionisation out to redshift $z\sim 9$
• On the AGN nature of two UV bright sources at z_spec~5.5 in the CANDELS fields: an update of the AGN space density at M1450~-22.5
• The connection between galactic outflows and the escape of ionizing photons
• Ionized gas kinematics and chemical abundances of low-mass star-forming galaxies at $z\sim 3$
• Lyman alpha and Lyman continuum emission of MgII-selected star-forming galaxies
• The MUSE Hubble Ultra Deep Field Survey. XV. The mean rest-UV spectra of Ly-alpha emitters at z>3
• Deep Realistic Extragalactic Model (DREaM) Galaxy Catalogs: Predictions for a Roman Ultra-Deep Field
• Inferring the HII region escape fraction of ionizing photons from infrared emission lines in metal-poor star-forming dwarf galaxies
• Crucial Factors for Lyα Transmission in the Reionizing Intergalactic Medium: Infall Motion, HII Bubble Size, and Self-shielded Systems
• A strong He II $\lambda$1640 emitter with extremely blue UV spectral slope at $z=8.16$: presence of Pop III stars?
• The Universe is at Most 88% Neutral at z=10.6
• Fuzzy Dark Matter as a Solution to Reconcile the Stellar Mass Density of High-z Massive Galaxies and Reionization History
• Radio and Far-IR Emission Associated with a Massive Star-forming Galaxy Candidate at z$\simeq$6.8: A Radio-Loud AGN in the Reionization Era?
• Astraeus II: Quantifying the impact of cosmic variance during the Epoch of Reionization
• RELICS: Spectroscopy of gravitationally-lensed $z\simeq 2$ reionization-era analogs and implications for CIII] detections at $z>6$
• An Hα Impression of Lyα Galaxies at $z\simeq 6$ with Deep JWST/NIRCam Imaging
• The connection between the escape of ionizing radiation and galaxy properties at z~3 in the Keck Lyman Continuum Spectroscopic Survey
• The Lyman continuum escape fraction and the Mean Free Path of hydrogen ionizing photons for bright z~4 QSOs from SDSS DR14
• The space density of ultra-luminous QSOs at the end of reionization epoch by the QUBRICS Survey and the AGN contribution to the hydrogen ionizing background
• Observability of Low-Luminosity AGN in the Early Universe with JWST
• Early Results from GLASS-JWST XXII: Rest frame UV-optical spectral properties of Lyman-alpha emitting galaxies at 3 $<$ z $<$ 6
• Hydrodynamic Response of the Intergalactic Medium to Reionization II: Physical Characteristics and Dynamics of Ionizing Photon Sinks
• Physical properties of extreme emission-line galaxies at $z\sim 4-9$ from the JWST CEERS survey
• COSMOS2020: UV selected galaxies at $z\ge 7.5$
• Inferring the properties of the sources of reionization using the morphological spectra of the ionized regions
• On the origin of low escape fractions of ionizing radiation from massive star-forming galaxies at high redshift
• IGM Transmission Bias for $z$ $\ge$ 2.9 Lyman Continuum Detected Galaxies
• The Ionizing Spectra of Extremely Metal-Poor O Stars: Constraints from the Only HII Region in Leo P
• Cosmological Magnetogenesis: The Biermann Battery during the Epoch of Reionization
• The Morphology of Reionization in a Dynamically Clumpy Universe
• The Mean Absorption Line Spectra of a Selection of Luminous z~6 Lyman Break Galaxies
• Properties of High-Redshift GRBs
• CLEAR: Boosted Ly$\alpha$ Transmission of the Intergalactic Medium in UV bright Galaxies
• Lyman Continuum Galaxy Candidates in COSMOS
• Large-scale variation in reionization history caused by Baryon-dark matter streaming velocity
• Far-Ultraviolet Spectra of Main-Sequence O Stars at Extremely Low Metallicity
• The influence of metagalactic ultra-violet background fluctuations on the high-redshift Ly$\alpha$ forest
• Systematic uncertainties in models of the cosmic dawn
• Anatomy of an ionized bubble: NIRCam grism spectroscopy of the $z=6.6$ double-peaked Lyman-$\alpha$ emitter COLA1 and its environment
• Astraeus VI: Hierarchical assembly of AGN and their large-scale effect during the Epoch of Reionization
• Accretion History of AGN III: Radiative Efficiency and AGN Contribution to Reionization
• Upper limits on the escape fraction of ionizing radiation from galaxies at $2\lesssim z<6$
• CHORUS. I. Cosmic HydrOgen Reionization Unveiled with Subaru: Overview
• The Lyman Continuum Escape Fraction of Star-forming Galaxies at $2.4\lesssim z\lesssim 3.0$ from UVCANDELS
• A bottom-up search for Lyman-continuum leakage in the Hubble Ultra Deep Field
• First Light And Reionisation Epoch Simulations (FLARES) XIII: The Lyman-continuum emission of high-redshift galaxies
• Late-end reionization with ATON-HE: towards constraints from Lyman-$\alpha$ emitters observed with JWST
• Dissecting the Mid-Infrared Heart of M83 with JWST
• Linking Mg II and [O II] spatial distribution to ionizing photon escape in confirmed LyC leakers and non-leakers
• The contribution of globular clusters to cosmic reionization
• The impact and response of minihalos and the inter-halo medium on cosmic reionization
• A galaxy-free phenomenological model for the 21-cm power spectrum during reionization
• Beyond optical depth: Future determination of ionization history from the CMB
• CHORUS IV: Mapping the Spatially Inhomogeneous Cosmic Reionization with Subaru HSC
• Lyman continuum leaker candidates among highly ionised, low-redshift dwarf galaxies selected from HeII
• Low-redshift Lyman Continuum Survey: Radio continuum properties of low-$z$ Lyman continuum emitters
• Do current X-ray observations capture most of the black-hole accretion at high redshifts?
• The high-redshift tail of stellar reionization in LCDM is beyond the reach of the low-$\ell$ CMB
• Introducing the Texas Euclid Survey for Lyman Alpha (TESLA) Survey: Initial Study Correlating Galaxy Properties to Lyman-Alpha Emission
• Searching for the connection between ionizing-photon escape and the surface density of star formation at z~3
• Stellar Populations of Lyman-alpha Emitting Galaxies in the HETDEX Survey I: An Analysis of LAEs in the GOODS-N Field
• The Impact of Cosmic Variance on Inferences of Global Neutral Fraction Derived from Ly$\alpha$ Luminosity Functions During Reionization
• Little impact of mergers and galaxy morphology on the production and escape of ionizing photons in the early Universe
• Non-parametric Reconstruction of Photon Escape Fraction from Reionization
• The ionizing photon production efficiency of star-forming galaxies at $z\sim 4-10$
• Identifying Active Galactic Nuclei at $z\sim 3$ from the HETDEX Survey Using Machine Learning
• Testing an indirect method for identifying galaxies with high levels of Lyman continuum leakage
• Maximal X-ray feedback in the pre-reionization universe
• The MUSE-Faint survey. III. Constraining scalar field dark matter with Antlia B
• Probing patchy reionisation with JWST: IGM opacity constraints from the Lyman-$\alpha$ forest of galaxies in legacy extragalactic fields
• Small-scale clumping of dark matter and the mean free path of ionizing photons at $z=6$
• Understanding the spatial variation of \ion{Mg}{II} and ionizing photon escape in a local LyC leaker
• An efficient hybrid method to produce high resolution large volume dark matter simulations for semi-analytic models of reionisation
• Strong [O III] λ5007 Compact Galaxies Identified from SDSS DR16 and Their Scaling Relations
• The Lyman-alpha and Continuum Origins Survey. I. Survey description and Ly$\alpha$ imaging
• Explaining JWST star formation history at $z\sim 17$ by modifying $\Lambda$CDM
• Rapid and Late Cosmic Reionization Driven by Massive Galaxies: a Joint Analysis of Constraints from 21-cm, Lyman Line & CMB Data Sets
• Towards unveiling the Cosmic Reionization: the ionizing photon production efficiency (${\xi }_{ion}$) of Low-mass H$\alpha$ emitters at $z\sim 2.3$
• Inferring the Distribution of the Ionising Photon Escape Fraction
• The Lyman-limit photon mean free path at the end of late reionisation in the Sherwood-Relics simulations
• Detections of [C II] 158 $\mu$m and [O III] 88 $\mu$m in a Local Lyman Continuum Emitter, Mrk 54, and its Implications to High-redshift ALMA Studies
• The Importance of Dust Distribution in Ionizing-photon Escape: NIRCam and MIRI Imaging of a Lyman Continuum-emitting Galaxy at z ~ 3.8
• The Lyman-alpha and Continuum Origins Survey II: the connection between the escape of ionizing radiation and Lyman-alpha halos in star-forming galaxies
• Ionizing Radiation Escape from Low-Redshift Galaxies and Its Connection to Cosmic Reionization
• RELICS: Small Lensed $z\ge 5.5$ Galaxies Selected as Potential Lyman Continuum Leakers
• An ionised bubble powered by a proto-cluster at z = 6.5
• Is the Bremer Deep Field ionised, at z~7?
• Linear Polarization of the 21 cm Line from the Epoch of Reionization
• Emission Line Galaxies in the SHARDS Hubble Frontier Fields II: Limits on Lyman-Continuum Escape Fractions of Lensed Emission Line Galaxies at Redshifts 2 < z < 3.5
• Modelling LAEs in the Epoch of Reionization with OBELISK
• The Epoch of Reionization in Warm Dark Matter Scenarios
• A unique window into the Epoch of Reionisation: A double-peaked Lyman-$\alpha$ emitter in the proximity zone of a quasar at $z\sim 6.6$
• The Ly$\alpha$ and Continuum Origins Survey. III. Investigating the Link between Galaxy Morphology, Merger Properties and LyC Escape
• Assuming Ionization Equilibrium and the Impact on the Lyman-$\alpha$ Forest Power Spectrum during the End of Reionization at $8\ge z\ge 5$
• Near-IR narrow-band imaging with CIRCE at the Gran Telescopio Canarias: Searching for Ly$\alpha$-emitters at $z\sim 9.3$
• The impact of cosmic ray feedback during the epoch of reionisation
• HeII emitters at cosmic noon and beyond. Characterising the HeII λ1640 emission with MUSE and JWST/NIRSpec
• Lyman-α polarization from cosmological ionization fronts: I. Radiative transfer simulations
• Model-independent Reconstruction of UV Luminosity Function and Reionization Epoch
• REBELS-IFU: Spatially Resolved Ionizing Photon Production Efficiencies of 12 Bright Galaxies in the Epoch of Reionization
• What can we learn about Reionization astrophysical parameters using Gaussian Process Regression?
• Mocking Faint Black Holes during Reionization
• Reionization in Protocluster Environments at $z>7$ with JWST/NIRSpec
• A resolved Lyman-Alpha profile with doubly peaked emission at z~7
• Rise of the forsaken relics: connecting present-day stellar streams and phase-mixed galaxies to the Epoch of Reionization
• A Lyman continuum analysis for $\sim 100$ galaxies at $z_{\text{spec}}\sim 3$ in the Abell 2744 Cluster Field
• Power-law Emission-line Wings and Radiation-Driven Superwinds in Local Lyman Continuum Emitters
• J-PAS: First Identification, Physical Properties and Ionization Efficiency of Extreme Emission Line Galaxies
• Double-Peaked Ly$\alpha$ Emission during Reionization Requires Nearby Voids and a Favorable Local Ionizing Background
• Unraveling the Lyman Continuum Emission of Ion3: Insights from HST multi-band imaging and X-Shooter spectroscopy
• Impact of the cosmological expansion on spectral energy density of radiation in the intergalactic medium and once more about Olbers' paradox
• Quantifying Lyman-$\alpha$ emissions from reionization fronts
• The CUBES Science Case
• The haloes that reionized the Universe
• Nature of High Equivalent Width Emitters in the Epoch of Reionization Revealed by JWST Medium-band Imaging
• The Parallel Ionizing Emissivity Survey (PIE). I. Survey design and selection of candidate Lyman Continuum leakers at 3.1<z<3.5
• Exploration of the high-redshift universe enabled by THESEUS
• Constraints on the Epoch of Reionization with Roman Space Telescope and the Void Probability Function of Lyman-Alpha Emitters
• Modelling intergalactic low ionisation metal absorption line systems near the epoch of reionization
• A New Boundary Condition on Reionization
• Lyman Continuum escaping from in-situ formed stars in a tidal bridge at z = 3
• The JWST early galaxy crisis resolved by a reionization degeneracy
• Extreme equivalent width-selected low-mass starbursts at $z=4-9$: insights into their role in cosmic reionization