SILVERRUSH. VI. A simulation of Ly$\alpha$ emitters in the reionization epoch and a comparison with Subaru Hyper Suprime-Cam survey early data

Abstract

The survey of Lyman $\alpha$ emitters (LAEs) with Subaru Hyper Suprime-Cam, called SILVERRUSH (Ouchi et al.), is producing massive data of LAEs at $z\gtrsim 6$. Here we present LAE simulations to compare the SILVERRUSH data. In 162${}^3$ comoving Mpc${}^3$ boxes, where numerical radiative transfer calculations of reionization were performed, LAEs have been modeled with physically motivated analytic recipes as a function of halo mass. We have examined $2^3$ models depending on the presence or absence of dispersion of halo Ly$\alpha$ emissivity, dispersion of the halo Ly$\alpha$ optical depth, ${\tau }_{\alpha }$, and halo mass dependence of ${\tau }_{\alpha }$. The unique free parameter in our model, a pivot value of ${\tau }_{\alpha }$, is calibrated so as to reproduce the $z=5.7$ Ly$\alpha$ luminosity function (LF). We compare our model predictions with Ly$\alpha$ LFs at $z=6.6$ and $7.3$, LAE angular auto-correlation functions (ACFs) at $z=5.7$ and $6.6$, and LAE fractions in Lyman break galaxies at $5<z<7$. The Ly$\alpha$ LFs and ACFs are reproduced by multiple models, but the LAE fraction turns out to be the most critical test. The dispersion of ${\tau }_{\alpha }$ and the halo mass dependence of ${\tau }_{\alpha }$ are essential to explain all observations reasonably. Therefore, a simple model of one-to-one correspondence between halo mass and Ly$\alpha$ luminosity with a constant Ly$\alpha$ escape fraction has been ruled out. Based on our best model, we present a formula to estimate the intergalactic neutral hydrogen fraction, $x_{\mathrm{HI}}$, from the observed Ly$\alpha$ luminosity density at $z\gtrsim 6$. We finally obtain $x_{\mathrm{HI}}=0.5_{-0.3}^{+0.1}$ as a volume-average at $z=7.3$.

PASJ in press, 30 pages, 20 figures

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