Galaxy Properties and UV Escape Fractions During Epoch of Reionization: Results from the Renaissance Simulations

Abstract

Cosmic reionization is thought to be primarily fueled by the first generations of galaxies. We examine their stellar and gaseous properties, focusing on the star formation rates and the escape of ionizing photons, as a function of halo mass, redshift, and environment using the full suite of the {\it Renaissance Simulations} with an eye to provide better inputs to global reionization simulations. This suite, carried out with the adaptive mesh refinement code Enzo, is unprecedented in terms of their size and physical ingredients. The simulations probe overdense, average, and underdense regions of the universe of several hundred comoving Mpc${}^3$, each yielding a sample of over 3,000 halos in the mass range $10^7 - 10^{9.5}~\Ms$ at their final redshifts of 15, 12.5, and 8, respectively. In the process, we simulate the effects of radiative and supernova feedback from 5,000 to 10,000 metal-free (Population III) stars in each simulation. We find that halos as small as $10^7~\Ms$ are able to form stars due to metal-line cooling from earlier enrichment by massive Population III stars. However, we find such halos do not form stars continuously. Using our large sample, we find that the galaxy-halo occupation fraction drops from unity at virial masses above $10^{8.5}~\Ms$ to $\sim$50\% at $10^8 ~\Ms$ and $\sim$10\% at $10^7~\Ms$, quite independent of redshift and region. Their average ionizing escape fraction is $\sim$5\% in the mass range $10^8 - 10^9~\Ms$ and increases with decreasing halo mass below this range, reaching 40--60\% at $10^7~\Ms$. Interestingly, we find that the escape fraction varies between 10--20\% in halos with virial masses $\sim 3 \times 10^9~\Ms$. Taken together, our results confirm the importance of the smallest galaxies as sources of ionizing radiation contributing to the reionization of the universe.

19 pages, 22 figures, 2 tables, replaced with accepted ApJ version

References in corpus (37)

• The EAGLE project: Simulating the evolution and assembly of galaxies and their environments
• The James Webb Space Telescope
• UV Luminosity Functions at redshifts z~4 to z~10: 10000 Galaxies from HST Legacy Fields
• Cosmic Reionization and Early Star-Forming Galaxies: A Joint Analysis of New Constraints from Planck and Hubble Space Telescope
• Observational constraints on Cosmic Reionization
• Massloss of galaxies due to a UV-background
• Escape fraction of ionizing photons during reionization: effects due to supernova feedback and runaway OB stars
• Primordial Star Formation under the Influence of Far Ultraviolet Radiation: 1540 Cosmological Halos and the Stellar Mass Distribution
• The Mass Spectrum of the First Stars
• Accretion onto the First Stellar Mass Black Holes
• Resolving the Formation of Protogalaxies. III. Feedback from the First Stars
• Fluctuations in the High-Redshift Lyman-Werner Background: Close Halo Pairs as the Origin of Supermassive Black Holes
• Keeping the Universe ionised: Photo-heating and the clumping factor of the high-redshift intergalactic medium
• Population III star formation in a Lambda CDM universe, II: Effects of a photodissociating background
• The First Billion Years Project: The escape fraction of ionizing photons in the epoch of reionization
• The Destruction of Cosmological Minihalos by Primordial Supernovae
• The Birth of a Galaxy. II. The Role of Radiation Pressure
• Suppression of H_2 Cooling in the Ultraviolet Background
• The HII Region of a Primordial Star
• Essential physics of early galaxy formation
• Ultra faint dwarfs: probing early cosmic star formation
• Uncovering the Chemical Signature of the First Stars in the Universe
• How Very Massive Metal Free Stars Start Cosmological Reionization
• Late Pop III Star Formation During the Epoch of Reionization: Results from the Renaissance Simulations
• Fossils of Reionization in the Local Group
• Recovery from population III supernova explosions and the onset of second generation star formation
• A Monte Carlo simulation of the intergalactic absorption and the detectability of the Lyman continuum from distant galaxies
• A Common Origin for Globular Clusters and Ultra-faint Dwarfs in Simulations of the First Galaxies
• The Very Faint End of the UV Luminosity Function over Cosmic Time: Constraints from the Local Group Fossil Record
• Heating the IGM by X-rays from Population III Binaries in High Redshift Galaxies
• Lyman continuum galaxies and the escape fraction of Lyman break galaxies
• Near-Field Limits on the Role of Faint Galaxies in Cosmic Reionization
• Are There Enough Ionizing Photons to Reionize the Universe by z=6?
• Songlines from Direct Collapse Seed Black Holes: Effects of X-rays on Black Hole Growth and Stellar Populations
• Scaling Relations for Galaxies Prior to Reionization
• Modeling Lyman continuum emission from young galaxies
• Spatially Extended 21 cm Signal from Strongly Clustered UV and X-Ray Sources in the Early Universe

Cited by in corpus (151)

• Conditions for Reionizing the Universe with A Low Galaxy Ionizing Photon Escape Fraction
• Inferring the astrophysics of reionization and cosmic dawn from galaxy luminosity functions and the 21-cm signal
• A redshift-independent efficiency model: star formation and stellar masses in dark matter halos at z>4
• There is No Missing Satellites Problem
• Introducing the THESAN project: radiation-magnetohydrodynamic simulations of the epoch of reionization
• A Cosmic UV/X-ray Background Model Update
• Galaxy Formation and Reionization: Key Unknowns and Expected Breakthroughs by the James Webb Space Telescope
• Formation of massive black holes in rapidly growing pre-galactic gas clouds
• Charting the Parameter Space of the Global 21-cm Signal
• Simulating galaxies in the reionization era with FIRE-2: galaxy scaling relations, stellar mass functions, and luminosity functions
• HERA Phase I Limits on the Cosmic 21-cm Signal: Constraints on Astrophysics and Cosmology During the Epoch of Reionization
• High redshift JWST predictions from IllustrisTNG: Dust modelling and galaxy luminosity functions
• Deep into the structure of the first galaxies: SERRA views
• The Universe at z>10: Predictions for JWST from the UniverseMachine DR1
• Public data release of the FIRE-2 cosmological zoom-in simulations of galaxy formation
• No missing photons for reionization: moderate ionizing photon escape fractions from the FIRE-2 simulations
• The Impact of the First Galaxies on Cosmic Dawn and Reionization
• The THESAN project: properties of the intergalactic medium and its connection to Reionization-era galaxies
• Reionization and galaxy inference from the high-redshift Lyα forest
• Astraeus I: The interplay between galaxy formation and reionization
• A Census of the Bright z=8.5-11 Universe with the Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescopes in the CANDELS Fields
• The detailed structure and the onset of galaxy formation in low-mass gaseous dark matter haloes
• Understanding the escape of LyC and Ly$\alpha$ photons from turbulent clouds
• Emulating Simulations of Cosmic Dawn for 21cm Power Spectrum Constraints on Cosmology, Reionization, and X-ray Heating
• The Growth of Black Holes from Population III Remnants in the Renaissance Simulations
• Constraining Non-Cold Dark Matter Models with the Global 21-cm Signal
• The assembly of dusty galaxies at $z\ge 4$: statistical properties
• LyC escape from SPHINX galaxies in the Epoch of Reionization
• A survey of high-$z$ galaxies: SERRA simulations
• The Obelisk simulation: galaxies contribute more than AGN to HI reionization of protoclusters
• The Lyman Continuum escape fraction of faint galaxies at z~3.3 in the CANDELS/GOODS-North, EGS, and COSMOS fields with LBC
• How to Quench a Dwarf Galaxy: The Impact of Inhomogeneous Reionization on Dwarf Galaxies and Cosmic Filaments
• High Mass X-ray Binaries and the Cosmic 21-cm Signal: Impact of Host Galaxy Absorption
• Tight Constraints on the Excess Radio Background at $z=9.1$ from LOFAR
• A tale of two sites -- I: Inferring the properties of minihalo-hosted galaxies from current observations
• Introducing the FirstLight project: UV luminosity function and scaling relations of primeval galaxies
• Semi-analytic forecasts for JWST -- IV. Implications for cosmic reionization and LyC escape fraction
• Interpreting LOFAR 21-cm signal upper limits at z~9.1 in the context of high-z galaxy and reionisation observations
• Morphologies of Galaxies at $z\gtrsim 9$ Uncovered by JWST/NIRCam Imaging: Cosmic Size Evolution and an Identification of an Extremely Compact Bright Galaxy at $z\sim 12$
• SILVERRUSH. VI. A simulation of Ly$\alpha$ emitters in the reionization epoch and a comparison with Subaru Hyper Suprime-Cam survey early data
• The fraction of ionizing radiation from massive stars that escapes to the intergalactic medium
• The THESAN project: ionizing escape fractions of reionization-era galaxies
• A Low Lyman Continuum Escape Fraction of $<10\%$ for Extreme [OIII] Emitters in an Overdensity at z$\sim 3.5$
• The spectral evolution of the first Galaxies. III. Simulated James Webb Space Telescope spectra of reionization-epoch galaxies with Lyman continuum leakage
• Predictions for deep galaxy surveys with JWST from $\Lambda$CDM
• Results from EDGES High-Band: III. New Constraints on Parameters of the Early Universe
• Unique Signatures of Population III Stars in the Global 21-cm Signal
• Public Release of A-SLOTH: Ancient Stars and Local Observables by Tracing Halos
• The Little Engines That Could? Globular Clusters Contribute Significantly to Reionization-era Star Formation
• Tracing the first stars and galaxies of the Milky Way
• Double dark matter vision: twice the number of compact-source lenses with narrow-line lensing and the WFC3 grism
• Introducing SPHINX-MHD: The Impact of Primordial Magnetic Fields on the First Galaxies, Reionization, and the Global 21cm Signal
• Probing the Bright End of the Rest-Frame Ultraviolet Luminosity Function at z = 8-10 with Hubble Pure-Parallel Imaging
• An Introductory Review on Cosmic Reionization
• Charting the Parameter Space of the 21-cm Power Spectrum
• High redshift JWST predictions from IllustrisTNG: II. Galaxy line and continuum spectral indices and dust attenuation curves
• Prediction of the 21-cm signal from reionization: comparison between 3D and 1D radiative transfer schemes
• Reionization inference from the CMB optical depth and E-mode polarization power spectra
• Validating Semi-Analytic Models of High-Redshift Galaxy Formation using Radiation Hydrodynamical Simulations
• ETHOS -- an effective theory of structure formation: predictions for the high-redshift Universe -- abundance of galaxies and reionization
• Semi-analytic forecasts for JWST -- V. AGN luminosity functions and helium reionization at z = 2-7
• New Methods for Identifying Lyman Continuum Leakers and Reionization-Epoch Analogues
• Roll of the Dice: A Stochastically Sampled IMF Alters the Stellar Content of Simulated Dwarf Galaxies
• Winds of change: reionization by starburst galaxies
• Evaluating the QSO contribution to the 21-cm signal from the Cosmic Dawn
• A tale of two sites -- II: Inferring the properties of minihalo-hosted galaxies with upcoming 21-cm interferometers
• A systematic study of the escape of LyC and Ly$\alpha$ photons from star-forming, magnetized turbulent clouds
• First Light: exploring the Spectra of High-Redshift Galaxies in the Renaissance Simulations
• On the faint-end of the galaxy luminosity function in the Epoch of Reionization: updated constraints from the HST Frontier Fields
• Dark Matter microphysics and 21 cm observations
• Simulating Star Clusters Across Cosmic Time: II. Escape Fraction of Ionizing Photons from Molecular Clouds
• The Emergence of the First Star-free Atomic Cooling Haloes in the Universe
• Exploring the likelihood of the 21-cm power spectrum with simulation-based inference
• MgII in the JWST Era: a Probe of Lyman Continuum Escape?
• 21cmEMU: an emulator of 21cmFAST summary observables
• Following the Cosmic Evolution of Pristine Gas III: The Observational Consequences of the Unknown Properties of Population III Stars
• Mapping the Escape Fraction of Ionizing Photons Using Resolved Stars: A Much Higher Escape Fraction for NGC 4214
• Implications of inhomogeneous metal mixing for stellar archaeology
• Observational signatures of massive black hole formation in the early universe
• Unveiling the contribution of Pop III stars in primeval galaxies at redshift $\ge 6$
• A Census of the LyC Photons that Form the UV Background During Reionization
• [CII] halos in ALPINE galaxies: smoking-gun of galactic outflows?
• A hint on the metal-free star formation rate density from 21cm-EDGES data
• Probing the thermal history during reionization using a semi-numerical photon-conserving code SCRIPT
• Tracing the Sources of Reionization in Cosmological Radiation Hydrodynamics Simulations
• No Tension: JWST Galaxies at $z>10$ Consistent with Cosmological Simulations
• The Escape Fraction of Ionizing Photons During the Epoch of Reionization: observability with the Square Kilometre Array
• 21-cm observations and warm dark matter models
• On Neutron Star Mergers as the Source of r-process Enhanced Metal Poor Stars in the Milky Way
• How long do high-redshift massive black hole seeds remain outliers in black hole vs. host galaxy relations?
• On the origin of low escape fractions of ionizing radiation from massive star-forming galaxies at high redshift
• Signature of the first galaxies in JWST deep field observations
• Modelling the cosmological Lyman-Werner background radiation field in the Early Universe
• Shot noise and scatter in the star formation efficiency as a source of 21-cm fluctuations
• SPRAI: Coupling of radiative feedback and primordial chemistry in moving mesh hydrodynamics
• Constraining the reionization and thermal history of the Universe using a semi-numerical photon-conserving code SCRIPT
• EDGE: A new approach to suppressing numerical diffusion in adaptive mesh simulations of galaxy formation
• The Indirect Influence of Quasars on Reionization
• The importance of stochasticity in determining galaxy emissivities and UV LFs during cosmic dawn and reionization
• Prospects for 21cm-Galaxy Cross-Correlations with HERA and the Roman High-Latitude Survey
• Delayed Photons from Binary Evolution Help Reionize the Universe
• The Effects of Radiative Feedback and Supernova Induced Turbulence on Early Galaxies
• Ionizing photon production of Population III stars: effects of rotation, convection, and initial mass function
• Astraeus VIII: A new framework for Lyman-$\alpha$ emitters applied to different reionisation scenarios
• Reionization of the Milky Way, M31, and their satellites I: reionization history and star formation
• A case study of hurdle and generalized additive models in astronomy: the escape of ionizing radiation
• Combining high-z galaxy luminosity functions with Bayesian evidence
• Probing early universe through redshifted 21-cm signal: Modelling and observational challenges
• Bubble mapping with the Square Kilometer Array -- I. Detecting galaxies with Euclid, JWST, WFIRST and ELT within ionized bubbles in the intergalactic medium at z>6
• Modelling the star-formation activity and ionizing properties of high-redshift galaxies
• The contribution of globular clusters to cosmic reionization
• Photoevaporation of Minihalos during Cosmic Reionization: Primordial and Metal-Enriched Halos
• First Light II: Emission Line Extinction, Population III Stars, and X-ray Binaries
• The high-redshift tail of stellar reionization in LCDM is beyond the reach of the low-$\ell$ CMB
• Selecting ultra-faint dwarf candidate progenitors in cosmological N-body simulations at high redshifts
• Flux sensitivity requirements for the detection of Lyman continuum radiation drop-ins from star-forming galaxies below redshifts of 3
• Fully Coupled Simulation of Cosmic Reionization. III. Stochastic Early Reionization by the Smallest Galaxies
• The Tail of Late-forming Dwarf Galaxies in $\Lambda$CDM
• Collapsing Molecular Clouds with Tracer Particles: Part I, What Collapses?
• Connecting Primordial Star Forming Regions and Second Generation Star Formation in the Phoenix Simulations
• A fast method of reionization parameter space exploration using GPR trained SCRIPT
• Mapping discrete galaxies at cosmic dawn with 21-centimeter observations
• The Isaac Newton Telescope Monitoring Survey of Local Group Dwarf Galaxies. VI. The Star Formation History and Dust Production in Andromeda IX
• Impact of ultraluminous X-ray sources on photoabsorption in the first galaxies
• Identifying reionization-epoch galaxies with extreme levels of Lyman continuum leakage in James Webb Space Telescope surveys
• Impact of star formation models on the growth of simulated galaxies at high redshifts
• Simulated [CII] in high-z galaxies
• Probing Reionization-Era Galaxies with JWST UV Luminosity Functions and Large-Scale Clustering
• Calibrating excursion set reionization models to approximately conserve ionizing photons
• Reionization and Cosmic Dawn: theory and simulations
• Blue galaxies: modelling nebular He II emission in high redshift galaxies
• Cosmic Variance and the Inhomogeneous UV Luminosity Function of Galaxies During Reionization
• Modelling the escape of Lyman Continuum photons from galaxies in the Epoch of Reionization
• Emission Line Galaxies in the SHARDS Hubble Frontier Fields II: Limits on Lyman-Continuum Escape Fractions of Lensed Emission Line Galaxies at Redshifts 2 < z < 3.5
• Halo Mergers Enhance the Growth of Massive Black Hole Seeds
• Cloudy-Maraston: Integrating nebular continuum and line emission with the Maraston stellar population synthesis models
• Predicting Localized Primordial Star Formation with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks
• Physically motivated modeling of LyC escape fraction during reionization
• Growth and Feedback from the First Black Holes
• Narrowing the discovery space of the cosmological 21-cm signal using multi-wavelength constraints
• Triggered Population III star formation: the effect of H${}_2$ self-shielding
• The Anomalous 21-cm Absorption at High Redshifts
• Radiative transfer of 21-cm line through ionised cavities in an expanding universe
• Imprints of fermionic and bosonic mixed dark matter on the 21-cm signal at cosmic dawn
• Revealing the formation histories of the first stars with the cosmic near-infrared background
• Radiative Transfer Simulations of Ly$\alpha$ Intensity Mapping During Cosmic Reionization Including Sources from Galaxies and the Intergalactic Medium
• Identification of Candidate Halos Hosting Massive Black Hole Seeds in the $\text{Renaissance}$ Simulations with Support Vector Machines
• Sample Variance Denoising in Cylindrical 21-cm Power Spectra
• Effect of the cosmological transition to metal-enriched star-formation on the hydrogen 21-cm signal
• The 21-cm signature of X-ray heated halos around galaxies during cosmic dawn
• The 21-cm signal from the Cosmic Dawn: metallicity dependence of high mass X-ray binaries