The Abundance of Star-Forming Galaxies in the Redshift Range 8.5 to 12: New Results from the 2012 Hubble Ultra Deep Field Campaign

Abstract

We present the results of the deepest search to date for star-forming galaxies beyond a redshift z~8.5 utilizing a new sequence of near-infrared Wide Field Camera 3 images of the Hubble Ultra Deep Field. This `UDF12' campaign completed in September 2012 doubles the earlier exposures with WFC3/IR in this field and quadruples the exposure in the key F105W filter used to locate such distant galaxies. Combined with additional imaging in the F140W filter, the fidelity of high redshift candidates is greatly improved. Using spectral energy distribution fitting techniques on objects selected from a deep multi-band near-infrared stack we find 7 promising z>8.5 candidates. As none of the previously claimed UDF candidates with 8.5<z<10 is confirmed by our deeper multi-band imaging, our campaign has transformed the measured abundance of galaxies in this redshift range. Although we recover the candidate UDFj-39546284 (previously proposed at z=10.3), it is undetected in the newly added F140W image, implying it lies at z=11.9 or is an intense emission line galaxy at z~2.4. Although no physically-plausible model can explain the required line intensity given the lack of Lyman alpha or broad-band UV signal, without an infrared spectrum we cannot rule out an exotic interloper. Regardless, our robust z ~ 8.5 - 10 sample demonstrates a luminosity density that continues the smooth decline observed over 6 < z < 8. Such continuity has important implications for models of cosmic reionization and future searches for z>10 galaxies with JWST.

Submitted to Astrophys. J. Lett. on Nov. 7, 2012. Resubmitted after responding to referee report. UDF12 public webpage available at http://udf12.arizona.edu

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• Nebular line emission from z > 7 galaxies in cosmological simulations: rest-frame UV to Optical lines
• Galaxy candidates at z ~ 10 in archival data from the Brightest of Reionizing Galaxies (BoRG[z8]) survey
• Broad-band selection, spectroscopic identification, and physical properties of a population of extreme emission line galaxies at 3<z<3.7
• Balmer Break Galaxy Candidates at $z\sim 6$: a Potential View on the Star-Formation Activity at $z\gtrsim 14$
• A new parameterization of the reionisation history
• RELICS: Strong-lensing analysis of the massive clusters MACS J0308.9+2645 and PLCK G171.9-40.7
• The Surface Densities of Disk Brown Dwarfs in JWST Surveys
• A Magellan M2FS Spectroscopic Survey of Galaxies at 5.5<z<6.8: Program Overview and a Sample of the Brightest Lyman-alpha Emitters
• RELICS: Strong Lensing analysis of the galaxy clusters Abell S295, Abell 697, MACS J0025.4-1222, and MACS J0159.8-0849
• Improving $z\sim 7-11$ Galaxy Property Estimates with JWST/NIRCam Medium-Band Photometry
• The Escape Fraction of Ionizing Radiation from Galaxies
• Modelling the M*-SFR relation at high redshift: untangling factors driving biases in the intrinsic scatter measurement
• An extended [CII] halo around a massive star-forming galaxy at z = 5.3
• Mapping Compound Cosmic Telescopes Containing Multiple, Projected Cluster-Scale Halos
• Modeling the Pollution of Pristine Gas in the Early Universe
• The Effect of Large-Scale Structure on the Magnification of High-Redshift Sources by Cluster-Lenses
• Fraction of Clumpy Star-Forming Galaxies at $0.5\le z\le 3$ in UVCANDELS: Dependence on Stellar Mass and Environment
• The UV Continuum of z > 1 Star-forming Galaxies in the Hubble Ultraviolet UltraDeep Field
• The star-formation history of mass-selected galaxies from the VIDEO survey
• HST followup observations of two bright z ~ 8 candidate galaxies from the BoRG pure-parallel survey
• The Spitzer/IRAC Legacy over the GOODS Fields: Full-Depth 3.6, 4.5, 5.8 and 8.0um Mosaics and Photometry for > 9000 Galaxies at z~3.5-10 from the GOODS Re-ionization Era wide-Area Treasury from Spitzer (GREATS)
• Reconstructing emission from pre-reionization sources with cosmic infrared background fluctuation measurements by the JWST
• Characterising the evolving $K$-band luminosity function using the UltraVISTA, CANDELS and HUDF surveys
• SuperBoRG: Search for The Brightest of Reionizing Galaxies and Quasars in HST Parallel Imaging Data
• VLT/XSHOOTER & Subaru/MOIRCS Spectroscopy of HUDF-YD3: No Evidence for Lyman-alpha Emission at z=8.55
• A Predicted New Population of UV-faint Galaxies at z>4
• Tracing the Mass Growth and Star Formation Rate Evolution of Massive Galaxies from z~6 to z~1 in the Hubble Ultra-Deep Field
• Molecular Cloud Properties and CO Line Emission in z >~ 6 Galaxies
• Low-mass galaxy formation and the ionizing photon budget during reionization
• The formation of supermassive black holes from Population III.1 seeds. II. Evolution to the local universe
• The ALMA Spectroscopic Survey in the HUDF: A Search for [CII] Emitters at $6\le z\le 8$
• Luminous Lyman-alpha Emitters with Very Blue UV-continuum Slopes at Redshift 5.7 <= z <= 6.6
• Stellar populations and star formation histories of the most extreme [OIII] emitters at $z=1.3-3.7$
• Extending empirical constraints on the SZ-mass scaling relation to higher redshifts via HST weak lensing measurements of nine clusters from the SPT-SZ survey at $z\gtrsim 1$
• A resolved map of the infrared excess in a Lyman Break Galaxy at z=3
• Differences and similarities of stellar populations in LAEs and LBGs at $z\sim$ 3.4 - 6.8
• First Weak-lensing Results from "See Change": Quantifying Dark Matter in the Two Z>1.5 High-redshift Galaxy Clusters SPT-CL J2040-4451 and IDCS J1426+3508
• Simulating JWST/NIRCam Color Selection of High-Redshift Galaxies
• Keck-I MOSFIRE spectroscopy of the z~12 candidate galaxy UDFj-39546284
• Magnification Bias of Distant Galaxies in the Hubble Frontier Fields: Testing Wave vs. Particle Dark Matter Predictions
• Evidence for Reduced Specific Star Formation Rates in the Centers of Massive Galaxies at z = 4
• Galaxy Morphologies Revealed with Subaru HSC and Super-Resolution Techniques I: Major Merger Fractions of L_UV~3-15 L_UV* Dropout Galaxies at z~4-7
• G.A.S. II: Dust extinction in galaxies; Luminosity functions and InfraRed eXcess
• Euclid preparation. XXI. Intermediate-redshift contaminants in the search for $z>6$ galaxies within the Euclid Deep Survey
• Upper limits on the escape fraction of ionizing radiation from galaxies at $2\lesssim z<6$
• Real or Interloper? The Redshift Likelihoods of z>8 Galaxies in the HUDF12
• Distinctive 21 cm structures of the first stars, galaxies, and quasars
• Universe opacity and CMB
• Constraining the epoch of reionization from the observed properties of the high-z Universe
• An Updated Ultraviolet Catalog of GALEX Nearby Galaxies
• A bottom-up search for Lyman-continuum leakage in the Hubble Ultra Deep Field
• Physical Properties of Local Star-Forming Analogues to z~5 Lyman Break Galaxies
• Cosmic Reionization History and Dark Matter Scenarios
• Constraining C iii] Emission in a Sample of Five Luminous z = 5.7 Galaxies
• A Lyman Break Galaxy in the Epoch of Reionization from HST Grism Spectroscopy
• Geometric Corroboration of the Earliest Lensed Galaxy at z~10.8 from Robust Free-Form Modelling
• An ALMA survey of the SCUBA-2 Cosmology Legacy Survey UKIDSS/UDS field: Dust attenuation in high-redshift Lyman break Galaxies
• The Wavelength Dependence of High-Redshift Galaxy Structure in the Rest-Frame Ultraviolet
• Testing the accuracy of 3D-HST photometric redshift estimates as reference samples for deep weak lensing studies
• Metal enrichment signatures of the first stars on high-z DLAs
• Bayesian approach to constraining the properties of ionized bubbles during reionization
• Research on the redshift evolution of luminosity function and selection effect of GRBs
• Cospatial Star Formation and Supermassive Black Hole Growth in $z\sim 3$ Galaxies: Evidence for In-situ Co-evolution
• GTC Observations of an Overdense Region of LAEs at z=6.5
• CLASH: Extreme Emission Line Galaxies and Their Implication on Selection of High-Redshift Galaxies
• A bright lensed galaxy at $z=5.4$ with strong Ly$\alpha$ emission
• Extragalactic Science with the Experiment for Cryogenic Large-aperture Intensity Mapping
• Deep Spitzer/IRAC Data for z~10 galaxies Reveal Blue Balmer Break Colors: Young Stellar Populations at ~500 Myr of Cosmic Time
• Extreme Galaxies During Reionization: Testing ISM and Disk Models
• Not In Our Backyard: Spectroscopic Support for the CLASH z=11 Candidate MACS0647-JD
• High-Redshift Galaxy Surveys and the Reionization of the Universe
• Maximising the power of deep extragalactic imaging surveys with the James Webb Space Telescope
• A Systematic Search for Lensed High-Redshift Galaxies in HST Images of MACS Clusters
• Constraining the Minimum Luminosity of High Redshift Galaxies through Gravitational Lensing
• CONCERTO: Extracting the power spectrum of the [C II ] emission line
• The End of an Era - The Population III to Population II Transition and the Near Infrared Background
• Finding Core Collapse Supernova from the Epoch of Reionization Behind Cluster Lenses
• The Role of Bulge Formation in the Homogenization of Stellar Populations at $z\sim 2$ as revealed by Internal Color Dispersion in CANDELS
• Connecting the Dots: Tracking Galaxy Evolution Using Constant Cumulative Number Density at 3<z<7
• Exploring Cosmic Dawn with PANORAMIC I: The Bright End of the UVLF at $z\sim 9-17$
• Detectability of Local Group Dwarf Galaxy Analogues at High Redshifts
• The BoRG-$JWST$ Survey: Abundance and Mass-to-light Ratio of Luminous $z=7-9$ Galaxies from Independent Sight Lines with NIRSpec
• Universe opacity and EBL
• Upper Bound on the First Star Formation History
• SKYSURF-3: Testing Crowded Object Catalogs in the Hubble eXtreme Deep Field Mosaics to Study Sample Incompleteness from an Extragalactic Background Light Perspective
• Missing dust signature in the cosmic microwave background
• ELT-MOS White Paper: Science Overview & Requirements
• Strong Lensing Analysis of the Powerful Lensing Cluster MACS J2135.2-0102 ($z$=0.33)
• Simulation-based inference of galaxy properties from JWST pixels
• Interacting LAEs at z = 5.1. Episodic star formation in a group of LAEs at z= 5.07
• Unresolved z~8 point sources and their impact on the bright end of the galaxy luminosity function
• Probing individual sources during reionization and cosmic dawn using SKA HI 21-cm observations
• Foreground and sensitivity analysis for broad band (2D) 21cm--Ly-alpha and 21cm--H-alpha correlation experiments probing the Epoch of Reionization
• Characterizing the Best Cosmic Telescopes with the Millennium Simulations
• The Chandra Deep Field South as a test case for Global Multi Conjugate Adaptive Optics
• Milestones of general relativity: Hubble's law (1929) and the expansion of the universe
• Narrow band selected high redshift galaxy candidates contaminated by lower redshift O[III] ultrastrong emitter line galaxies
• The pulse luminosity function of Swift gamma-ray bursts
• Probing the earliest phases in the formation of massive galaxies with simulated HST+JWST imaging data from Illustris
• Lyman-alpha at Cosmic Noon I: Ly-alpha Spectral Type Selection of z ~ 2-3 Lyman Break Galaxies with Broadband Imaging
• CLUES to the past: Local Group progenitors amongst high-redshift Lyman Break Galaxies
• Semi analytical description of formation of galaxies and clusters of galaxies
• Considering light-matter interactions in the Friedmann equations
• Cloudy with a chance of starshine: Possible photometric signatures of nebular-dominated emission in $1.5<z<8.5$ JADES galaxies
• Moving Objects in the Hubble Ultra Deep Field
• Model-independent Reconstruction of UV Luminosity Function and Reionization Epoch
• The AGORA High-resolution Galaxy Simulations Comparison Project. X: Formation and Evolution of Galaxies at the High-redshift Frontier
• What can we learn about Reionization astrophysical parameters using Gaussian Process Regression?
• On the possibility of Baryon Acoustic Oscillation measurements at redshift $z>7.6$ with the Roman Space Telescope
• Searching Far and Long I: Pilot ALMA 2mm Follow-up of Bright Dusty Galaxies as a Redshift Filter
• The BUFFALO HST Survey
• Out of oxygen: Extremely metal-poor galaxy candidates identified at $2.5<z<6.5$ with deep JADES medium-band imaging
• The VIMOS Ultra Deep Survey: Lyman Alpha Emission and Stellar Populations of Star-Forming Galaxies at 2<z<6
• A partially occulting MACHO-microlensing event in the Twin Quasar Q0957+561
• A Comprehensive JWST/NIRSpec Census of Broad-line Active Galactic Nuclei: Faint, Low-mass Accretors and a Population of Little Red Dots
• The galaxy starburst/main-sequence bimodality over five decades in stellar mass at z ~ 3-6.5
• Extended H$\alpha$ over compact far-infrared continuum in dusty submillimeter galaxies -- Insights into dust distributions and star-formation rates at $z\sim 2$