The nature of luminous Lyman-alpha emitters at z~2-3: maximal dust-poor starbursts and highly ionising AGN

Abstract

Deep narrow-band surveys have revealed a large population of faint Lyman-alpha (Lya) emitters (LAEs) in the distant Universe, but relatively little is known about the most luminous sources ($L_{Ly\alpha }>10^{42.7}$ erg/s; $L_{Ly\alpha }>L_{Ly\alpha }^{\ast }$). Here we present the spectroscopic follow-up of 21 luminous LAEs at z~2-3 found with panoramic narrow-band surveys over five independent extragalactic fields (~4x10${}^6$ Mpc${}^3$ surveyed at z~2.2 and z~3.1). We use WHT/ISIS, Keck/DEIMOS and VLT/X-SHOOTER to study these sources using high ionisation UV lines. Luminous LAEs at z~2-3 have blue UV slopes ($\beta =-2.0_{-0.1}^{+0.3}$), high Lya escape fractions ($50_{-15}^{+20}$%) and span five orders of magnitude in UV luminosity ($M_{UV}\approx -19$ to -24). Many (70%) show at least one high ionisation rest-frame UV line such as CIV, NV, CIII], HeII or OIII], typically blue-shifted by ~100-200 km/s relative to Lya. Their Lya profiles reveal a wide variety of shapes, including significant blue-shifted components and widths from 200 to 4000 km/s. Overall, 60+-11% appear to be AGN dominated, and at $L_{Ly\alpha }>10^{43.3}$ erg/s and/or $M_{UV}<-21.5$ virtually all LAEs are AGN with high ionisation parameters (log U=0.6+-0.5) and with metallicities of ~0.5-1 Zsun. Those lacking signatures of AGN (40+-11%) have lower ionisation parameters ($\log U=-3.0_{-0.9}^{+1.6}$ and $\log {\xi }_{\mathrm{ion}}=25.4\pm 0.2$) and are apparently metal-poor sources likely powered by young, dust-poor "maximal" starbursts. Our results show that luminous LAEs at z~2-3 are a diverse population and that 2xL${}_{Ly\alpha }^{\ast }$ and 2xM${}_{UV}^{\ast }$ mark a sharp transition in the nature of LAEs, from star formation dominated to AGN dominated.

arXiv commentAccepted for publication in MNRAS. 1D spectra available with the final published version on MNRAS (Supplementary data)

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