Predicting Lyman-alpha escape fractions with a simple observable: Lyman-alpha in emission as an empirically calibrated star formation rate indicator

Abstract

Lyman-alpha (Lya) is intrinsically the brightest line emitted from active galaxies. While it originates from many physical processes, for star-forming galaxies the intrinsic Lya luminosity is a direct tracer of the Lyman-continuum (LyC) radiation produced by the most massive O- and early-type B-stars with lifetimes of a few Myrs. As such, Lya luminosity should be an excellent instantaneous star formation rate (SFR) indicator. However, its resonant nature and susceptibility to dust as a rest-frame UV photon makes Lya very hard to interpret due to the uncertain Lya escape fraction, f${}_{esc,Ly\alpha }$. Here we explore results from the CALYMHA survey at z=2.2, follow-up of Lya emitters (LAEs) at z=2.2-2.6 and a z~0-0.3 compilation of LAEs to directly measure f${}_{esc,Ly\alpha }$ with H-alpha (Ha). We derive a simple empirical relation that robustly retrieves f${}_{esc,Ly\alpha }$ as a function of Lya rest-frame EW (EW${}_0$): f${}_{esc,Ly\alpha }$= 0.0048 EW${}_0$[A]$\pm 0.05$ and we show that it constrains a well-defined anti-correlation between ionisation efficiency and dust extinction in LAEs. Observed Lya luminosities and EW${}_0$ are easy measurable quantities at high redshift, thus making our relation a practical tool to estimate intrinsic Lya and LyC luminosities under well controlled and simple assumptions. Our results allow observed Lya luminosities to be used to compute SFRs for LAEs at z~0-2.6 within 0.2 dex of the Ha dust corrected SFRs. We apply our empirical SFR(Lya,EW${}_0$) calibration to several sources at z>2.6 to find that star-forming LAEs have SFRs typically ranging from 0.1 to 20 M${}_{\odot }$/yr and that our calibration might be even applicable for the most luminous LAEs within the epoch of re-ionisation. Our results imply high ionisation efficiencies and low dust content in LAEs across cosmic time, and will be easily tested with future observations with JWST.

Accepted for publication in A&A. 13 pages, 5 figures. Toy model and example output available at: https://goo.gl/391wBz

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