Keck Spectroscopy of Faint 3<z<7 Lyman Break Galaxies: - I. New constraints on cosmic reionisation from the luminosity and redshift-dependent fraction of Lyman-alpha emission

Abstract

We present results from a new Keck spectroscopic survey of UV-faint LBGs in the redshift range 3<z<7. Combined with earlier Keck and published ESO VLT data, our sample contains more than 600 dropouts, offering new insight into the nature of sub-L* sources typical of those likely to dominate the cosmic reionisation process. Here we use this sample to characterise the fraction of strong Lya emitters within the continuum-selected dropouts. By quantifying how the "Lya fraction" varies with redshift, we seek to constrain changes in Lya transmission associated with reionisation. In order to distinguish the effects of reionisation from other factors which affect the Lya fraction (e.g. dust, ISM kinematics), we study the luminosity and redshift-dependence of the Lya fraction over 3<z<6, when the IGM is known to be ionised. These results reveal that low luminosity galaxies show strong Lya emission much more frequently than luminous systems, and that at fixed luminosity, the prevalence of strong Lya emission increases moderately with redshift over 3 < z < 6. Based on the correlation between blue UV slopes and strong Lya emitting galaxies in our dataset, we argue that the Lya fraction trends are governed by redshift and luminosity-dependent variations in the dust obscuration, with likely additional contributions from trends in the kinematics and covering fraction of neutral hydrogen. We find a tentative decrease in the Lya fraction at z~7 based on the limited IR spectra for candidate z~7 lensed LBGs, a result which, if confirmed with future surveys, would suggest an increase in the neutral fraction by this epoch. Given the supply of z and Y-drops now available from Hubble WFC3/IR surveys, we show it will soon be possible to significantly improve estimates of the Lya fraction using optical and near-IR spectrographs, thereby extending the study conducted in this paper to 7<z<8.

23 pages, 15 figures, submitted to MNRAS

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• Observing the first galaxies
• Studying reionization with the next generation of Ly-alpha emitter surveys
• Were progenitors of local L* galaxies Lyman-alpha emitters at high redshift?
• Warm dark matter and the ionization history of the Universe
• Herschel Detection of Dust Emission from UV-Luminous Star-Forming Galaxies at 3.3<z<4.3
• LRS2: the new facility low resolution integral field spectrograph for the Hobby-Eberly Telescope
• Determining the Nature of Late Gunn-Peterson Troughs with Galaxy Surveys
• Predicting Ly$\alpha$ Emission from Galaxies via Empirical Markers of Production and Escape in the KBSS
• Faint end of the $z\sim 3-7$ luminosity function of Lyman-alpha emitters behind lensing clusters observed with MUSE
• Constraining Lyman-alpha spatial offsets at $3<z<5.5$ from VANDELS slit spectroscopy
• VLT/X-shooter spectroscopy of the afterglow of the Swift GRB 130606A: Chemical abundances and reionisation at $z\sim 6$
• Double-peaked Lyman-$\alpha$ emission at z=6.803: a reionisation-era galaxy self-ionising its local HII bubble
• JADES: Primaeval Lyman-$\alpha$ emitting galaxies reveal early sites of reionisation out to redshift $z\sim 9$
• Connecting Faint End Slopes of the Lyman-$\alpha$ emitter and Lyman-break Galaxy Luminosity Functions
• Nebular Line Emission During the Epoch of Reionization
• Constraints on the End of Reionization from the Density Fields Surrounding Two Highly Opaque Quasar Sightlines
• Lyα emission from galaxies in the Epoch of Reionization
• Stellar Populations of Lyman Break Galaxies at z=1-3 in the HST/WFC3 Early Release Science Observations
• MUSE integral-field spectroscopy towards the Frontier Fields cluster Abell S1063: II. Properties of low luminosity Lyman alpha emitters at z>3
• How Lyman Alpha Emission Depends On Galaxy Stellar Mass
• Cross-correlation of the cosmic 21-cm signal and Lyman Alpha Emitters during reionization
• Lyman Alpha Reference Sample: X. Predicting Lyman alpha output from starforming galaxies using multivariate regression
• On the decreasing fraction of Strong Ly$\alpha$ Emitters around $z$ $\sim$ $6$-$7$
• Discovery of a z = 7.452 High Equivalent Width Lyman-α Emitter from the Hubble Space Telescope Faint Infrared Grism Survey
• The Super Eight Galaxies: Properties of a Sample of Very Bright Galaxies at $7<z<8$
• The Universe is at Most 88% Neutral at z=10.6
• Predictions for the 21cm-galaxy cross-power spectrum observable with LOFAR and Subaru
• Lyman-Alpha Emitter Galaxies at z ~ 2.8 in the Extended Chandra Deep Field-South: I. Tracing the Large-Scale Structure via Lyman-Alpha Imaging
• Dark-ages Reionization and Galaxy Formation Simulation XX. The Ly$\alpha$ IGM transmission properties and environment of bright galaxies during the Epoch of Reionization
• Mapping the Escape Fraction of Ionizing Photons Using Resolved Stars: A Much Higher Escape Fraction for NGC 4214
• Constraining the nature of the most distant Gamma-Ray Burst host galaxies
• Spectroscopic Confirmation of a z=6.740 Galaxy behind the Bullet Cluster
• Spectroscopy with the JWST Advanced Deep Extragalactic Survey (JADES) -- the NIRSpec/NIRCam GTO galaxy evolution project
• Empirical Constraints on the Star Formation & Redshift Dependence of the Lyman Alpha `Effective' Escape Fraction
• Texas Spectroscopic Search for Ly$\alpha$ Emission at the End of Reionization I. Constraining the Ly$\alpha$ Equivalent Width Distribution at 6.0 < $z$ < 7.0
• Selection of massive evolved galaxies at $3\le z\le 4.5$ in the CANDELS fields
• Ly$\alpha$ Emitters with Very Large Ly$\alpha$ Equivalent Widths, EW${}_0$(Ly$\alpha$) $\simeq 200-400$ Å, at $z\sim 2$
• Lyman Alpha and MgII as Probes of Galaxies and their Environments
• Galaxy candidates at z ~ 10 in archival data from the Brightest of Reionizing Galaxies (BoRG[z8]) survey
• The Faint-End Slope of the Redshift 5.7 Lyman Alpha Luminosity Function
• Deep rest-frame far-UV spectroscopy of the giant Lyman-alpha emitter 'Himiko'
• Detections of Faint Lyman-alpha Emitters at z = 5.7: Galaxy Building Blocks and Engines of Reionization
• Large-scale environment of z~5.7 CIV absorption systems I: projected distribution of galaxies
• RELICS: Strong Lensing analysis of the galaxy clusters Abell S295, Abell 697, MACS J0025.4-1222, and MACS J0159.8-0849
• Early Results from GLASS-JWST XXII: Rest frame UV-optical spectral properties of Lyman-alpha emitting galaxies at 3 $<$ z $<$ 6
• First HETDEX Spectroscopic Determinations of Ly$\alpha$ and UV Luminosity Functions at $z=2-3$: Bridging a Gap Between Faint AGN and Bright Galaxies
• The interstellar medium and feedback in the progenitors of the compact passive galaxies at z~2
• Characterization and modeling of contamination for Lyman break galaxy samples at high redshift
• SILVERRUSH X: Machine Learning-Aided Selection of $9318$ LAEs at $z=2.2$, $3.3$, $4.9$, $5.7$, $6.6$, and $7.0$ from the HSC SSP and CHORUS Survey Data
• Spectral Shapes of the Lya Emission from Galaxies. II. the influence of stellar properties and nebular conditions on the emergent Lya profiles
• A Pilot Survey for CIII] Emission in the Reionization Era: Gravitationally-Lensed z$\sim 7-8$ Galaxies in the Frontier Fields Cluster Abell 2744
• Nature and chemical abundances of a sample of Lyman-$\alpha$ emitter objects at high redshift
• The HETDEX Survey: Emission Line Exploration and Source Classification
• Lyman Continuum Escape Fraction from Low-mass Starbursts at z=1.3
• Lyman-Break Galaxies at $z\sim 3$ in the Subaru Deep Field: Luminosity Function, Clustering and [OIII] Emission
• Predicting Lyman-alpha escape fractions with a simple observable: Lyman-alpha in emission as an empirically calibrated star formation rate indicator
• The properties of the brightest Lyman alpha emitters at z~5.7
• Clustering and lifetime of Lyman Alpha Emitters in the Epoch of Reionization
• Texas Spectroscopic Search for Ly$\alpha$ Emission at the End of Reionization II. The Deepest Near-Infrared Spectroscopic Observation at $z\gtrsim 7$
• VLT/XSHOOTER & Subaru/MOIRCS Spectroscopy of HUDF-YD3: No Evidence for Lyman-alpha Emission at z=8.55
• CLEAR: Survey Overview, Data Analysis and Products
• Probing High-Redshift Galaxy Formation at the Highest Luminosities: New Insights from DEIMOS Spectroscopy
• Resolved Lyman-α properties of a luminous Lyman-break galaxy in a large ionised bubble at z = 6.53
• Effects of Star Formation Stochasticity on the Ly-alpha & Lyman Continuum Emission from Dwarf Galaxies during Reionization
• Clustering at high redshift: The connection between Lyman Alpha emitters and Lyman break galaxies
• What do observations of the Lyman-alpha fraction tell us about reionization?
• CLEAR: Boosted Ly$\alpha$ Transmission of the Intergalactic Medium in UV bright Galaxies
• The Detection of Ionized Carbon Emission at z~8
• Modelling the fraction of Lyman Break Galaxies with strong Lyman alpha emission at 5 < z < 7
• Simulating JWST/NIRCam Color Selection of High-Redshift Galaxies
• Keck-I MOSFIRE spectroscopy of the z~12 candidate galaxy UDFj-39546284
• The UV-continuum properties of Ly alpha selected galaxies at z=6.5
• Dust attenuation of the nebular regions and optical emission lines of $z\sim 2$ star-forming galaxies
• Methods of Error Estimation for Delay Power Spectra in $21\text{cm}$ Cosmology
• Infrared Properties of z=7 Galaxies from Cosmological Simulations
• The HST colours of high-redshift population III galaxies with strong Lyman alpha emission
• Similarities and uniqueness of Ly$\alpha$ emitters among star-forming galaxies at z=2.5
• Effects of self-consistent rest-ultraviolet colours in semi-empirical galaxy formation models
• Reionization of the Milky Way, M31, and their satellites I: reionization history and star formation
• A double-peaked Lyman-$\alpha$ emitter with a strong blue peak multiply imaged by the galaxy cluster RXC J0018.5+1626
• A bottom-up search for Lyman-continuum leakage in the Hubble Ultra Deep Field
• Early Results from GLASS-JWST XXIII: The transmission of Lyman-alpha from UV-faint z ~ 3-6 galaxies
• Late-end reionization with ATON-HE: towards constraints from Lyman-$\alpha$ emitters observed with JWST
• Constraints on the $z\sim 6-13$ intergalactic medium from JWST spectroscopy of Lyman-alpha damping wings in galaxies
• Catch Me if You Can: Biased Distribution of Ly$\alpha$-emitting Galaxies according to the Viewing Direction
• A Lyman Break Galaxy in the Epoch of Reionization from HST Grism Spectroscopy
• Design drivers for a wide-field multi-object spectrograph for the William Herschel Telescope
• Finding bright $z\ge 6.6$ Lyman-$\alpha$ emitters with lensing: prospects for Euclid
• ODIN: Improved Narrowband Ly$\alpha$ Emitter Selection Techniques for $z$ = 2.4, 3.1, and 4.5
• Correlations between H$\alpha$ Equivalent Width and Galaxy Properties at $z=0.47$: Physical or Selection-driven?
• SHARDS Frontier Fields: Physical properties of a low mass Lyman-alpha emitter at z=5.75
• The evolution of the UV luminosity and stellar mass functions of Lyman-alpha emitters from z~2 to z~6
• Observational limits on the gas mass of a z=4.9 galaxy
• Was there an early reionization component in our universe?
• High-Redshift Galaxy Surveys and the Reionization of the Universe
• Reionization time of the Local Group and Local-Group-like halo pairs
• A Search for z=7.3 Lyα Emitters behind Gravitationally Lensing Clusters
• Evolution of the Lyman-α emitting fraction and UV properties of lensed star-forming galaxies between 2.9 < z < 6.7
• Inflation and Dark Energy from spectroscopy at $z>2$
• CHORUS IV: Mapping the Spatially Inhomogeneous Cosmic Reionization with Subaru HSC
• Mapping reionization bubbles in the JWST era I: empirical edge detection with Lyman alpha emission from galaxies
• Metal content of the circumgalactic medium around star-forming galaxies at z $\sim$ 2.6 as revealed by the VIMOS Ultra-Deep Survey
• ODIN: Clustering Analysis of 14,000 Lyα Emitting Galaxies at z=2.4, 3.1, and 4.5
• Revealing the Nature of a Lyman-$\alpha$ Halo in a Strongly Lensed Interacting System at $z=2.92$
• The Impact of Cosmic Variance on Inferences of Global Neutral Fraction Derived from Ly$\alpha$ Luminosity Functions During Reionization
• RCS2 J232727.6-020437: An Efficient Cosmic Telescope at $z=0.6986$
• Mapping reionization bubbles in the JWST era II: inferring the position and characteristic size of individual bubbles
• Linking UV spectral properties of MUSE Ly-alpha emitters at z>3 to Lyman continuum escape
• RELICS-DP7: Spectroscopic Confirmation of a Dichromatic Primeval Galaxy at z ~ 7
• The impact of Lyman-$\alpha$ emission line heating and cooling on the cosmic dawn 21-cm signal
• Emission Line Galaxies in the SHARDS Frontier Fields I: Candidate Selection and the Discovery of Bursty Hα Emitters
• Constraining Reionization with Lyman Alpha Emitting Galaxies
• The JWST Emission Line Survey (JELS): Extending rest-optical narrow-band emission line selection into the Epoch of Reionization
• On improving analytical models of cosmic reionization for matching numerical simulation
• Interacting LAEs at z = 5.1. Episodic star formation in a group of LAEs at z= 5.07
• Photometric IGM Tomography: Efficiently Mapping Quasar Light Echoes with Deep Narrow Band Imaging
• Filter Induced Bias in Lyα Emitter Surveys: A Comparison Between Standard and Tunable Filters. Gran Telescopio Canarias Preliminary Results
• Observations of Ly$\alpha$ Emitters at High Redshift
• Identifying Lyα emitter candidates with Random Forest: learning from galaxies in CANDELS survey
• On the star formation efficiency in high redshift Lyman-α emitters
• Distinguishing AGN from starbursts as the origin of double peaked Lyman-Alpha Emitters in the reionization era
• The Role of Dust, UV Luminosity and Large-scale Environment on the Escape of Lya Photons: A Case Study of a Protocluster field at z = 3.1
• Probing Patchy Reionization with the Void Probability Function of Lyman-$\alpha$ Emitters
• Photometric IGM tomography with Subaru/HSC: the large-scale structure of Ly$\alpha$ emitters and IGM transmission in the COSMOS field at $z\sim 5$
• Modelling the escape of Lyman Continuum photons from galaxies in the Epoch of Reionization
• Is the Bremer Deep Field ionised, at z~7?
• Lyman-alpha at Cosmic Noon I: Ly-alpha Spectral Type Selection of z ~ 2-3 Lyman Break Galaxies with Broadband Imaging
• The importance of nebular emission for SED modeling of distant star-forming galaxies
• The Intrinsic Distribution of Lyman-$\alpha$ Halos
• Design and construction progress of LRS2-B: a new low resolution integral field spectrograph for the Hobby-Eberly Telescope
• The Lyman Alpha Reference Sample. XVI. Global 21cm HI properties of Lyman-$\alpha$ emitting galaxies
• Reionization in Protocluster Environments at $z>7$ with JWST/NIRSpec
• CECILIA: Ultra-Deep Rest-Optical Spectra of Faint Galaxies at Cosmic Noon
• Unveiling the Phase Transition of the Universe During the Reionization Epoch with Lyman-alpha
• A theoretical investigation of far-infrared fine structure lines at $z>6$ and of the origin of the [OIII]88/[CII]158 enhancement
• The MUSE Hubble Ultra Deep Field Survey XIV. The evolution of the Lya emitter fraction from z=3 to z=6
• Deep JWST spectroscopy of galaxies in a candidate ionized bubble at $z=8.7$: probing reionization at pMpc scales with Ly$\alpha$ emission
• Constraints on the Epoch of Reionization with Roman Space Telescope and the Void Probability Function of Lyman-Alpha Emitters
• The VIMOS Ultra Deep Survey: Lyman Alpha Emission and Stellar Populations of Star-Forming Galaxies at 2<z<6