Lyman Alpha and MgII as Probes of Galaxies and their Environments

Abstract

Lyα emission, Lyα absorption and MgII absorption are powerful tracers of neutral hydrogen. Hydrogen is the most abundant element in the universe and plays a central role in galaxy formation via gas accretion and outflows, as well as being the precursor to molecular clouds, the sites of star formation. Since 21cm emission from neutral hydrogen can only be directly observed in the local universe, we rely on Lyα emission, and Lyα and MgII absorption to probe the physics that drives galaxy evolution at higher redshifts. Furthermore, these tracers are sensitive to a range of hydrogen densities that cover the interstellar medium, the circumgalactic medium and the intergalactic medium, providing an invaluable means of studying gas physics in regimes where it is poorly understood. At high redshift, Lyα emission line searches have discovered thousands of star-forming galaxies out to z = 7. The large Lyα scattering cross-section makes observations of this line sensitive to even very diffuse gas outside of galaxies. Several thousand more high-redshift galaxies are known from damped Lyα absorption lines and absorption by the MgII doublet in quasar and GRB spectra. MgII, in particular, probes metal-enriched neutral gas inside galaxy haloes in a wide range of environments and redshifts (0.1 < z < 6.3), including the so-called redshift desert. Here we review what observations and theoretical models of Lyα emission, Lyα and MgII absorption have told us about the interstellar, circumgalactic and intergalactic medium in the context of galaxy formation and evolution.

arXiv comment59 Pages, 19 Figures, 1 Table. Accepted for publication in Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific

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• Galaxy Group at z=0.3 Associated with the Damped Lyman Alpha System Towards Quasar Q1127-145
• On the Halo Occupation of Dark Baryons
• Lyman alpha line formation in starbursting galaxies I. Moderately thick, dustless, and static HI media
• Galactic Winds and Extended Lya Emission from the Host Galaxies of High Column Density QSO Absorption Systems
• Can galactic outflows explain the properties of Ly-alpha emitters?
• Signatures of reionization on Lyman alpha emitters
• The luminosity function of Ly-alpha emitters at 2.3 < z < 4.6 from integral-field spectroscopy
• Characterizing the Low-Redshift Intergalactic Medium towards PKS1302-102
• On the Spatial and Kinematic Distributions of Mg II Absorbing Gas in <z>=0.7 Galaxies
• The Pittsburgh Sloan Digital Sky Survey MgII Quasar Absorption-Line Survey Catalog
• A very metal poor Damped Lyman-alpha system revealed through the most energetic GRB 090926A
• Galaxies probing galaxies: cool halo gas from a z = 0.47 post-starburst galaxy
• On the Origin of Lyman-$\alpha$ Blobs at High Redshift: Kinematic Evidence for a Hyperwind Galaxy at z = 3.1
• A Ly-alpha Emitter with an Extremely Large Rest-frame Equivalent Width of ~900A at z=6.5: A Candidate of Population III-dominated Galaxy?
• Faint extended Lyalpha emission due to star formation at the centre of high-column density QSO absorption systems
• The First Observations of Low-Redshift Damped Lyman-α Systems with the Cosmic Origins Spectrograph: Chemical Abundances and Affiliated Galaxies
• The abundance of Lyman-(α) emitters in hierarchical models
• On the Lyman-alpha Emission of Starburst Galaxies
• A Fabry-Perot Imaging Search for Lyman-alpha Emission in Quasar Absorbers at z ~ 2.4
• Resolving the optical emission lines of Lya blob 'B1' at z=2.38: another hidden quasar
• Searching for Neutral Hydrogen Halos around z ~ 2.1 and z ~ 3.1 Ly-alpha Emitting Galaxies
• Photometric properties of Ly alpha emitters at z=4.86 in the COSMOS 2 square degree field
• Lyman Alpha Emitters in Hierarchical Galaxy Formation II. UV Continuum Luminosity Function and Equivalent Width Distribution
• Spitzer identifications and classifications of submillimeter galaxies in giant, high-redshift Lyman-alpha emission-line nebulae
• Limits on the star formation rates of z>2 damped Ly-alpha systems from H-alpha spectroscopy
• Ultra-strong MgII Absorbers as a Signature of Cool Intragroup Gas
• Galaxy Clusters in the Line of Sight to Background Quasars: I. Survey Design and Incidence of MgII Absorbers at Cluster Redshifts
• Resolving the Galaxies within a Giant Lya Nebula: Witnessing the Formation of a Galaxy Group?
• A Correlation Between Galaxy Morphology and MgII Halo Absorption Strength
• Detectability of cold streams into high-redshift galaxies by absorption lines
• The Self-Similarity of the Circumgalactic Medium with Galaxy Virial Mass: Implications for Cold-Mode Accretion
• Singly-Peaked P-Cygni type Ly$\alpha$ from starburst galaxies
• The nature of damped Lyman alpha and sub-damped Lyman alpha absorbers
• The Gas-Galaxy Connection at z = 0.35: OVI and HI Absorption Towards J0943+0531
• Damped Lyman Alpha Systems and Galaxy Formation
• Metallicities, dust and molecular content of a QSO-Damped Lyman-α system reaching log N (H i) = 22: An analog to GRB-DLAs
• A Search for Lyman alpha Emitters at Redshift 3.7
• Modelling high redshift Lyman-alpha Emitters
• Galactic Winds in Cosmological Simulations of the Circumgalactic Medium
• Starburst--driven galactic outflows
• The Spectrally Resolved Lyman-alpha Emission of Three Lyman-alpha Selected Field Galaxies at z~2.4 from the HETDEX Pilot Survey
• Do Damped and Sub-damped Lyman-alpha Absorbers Arise in Galaxies of Different Masses?
• Dust Extinction and Metallicities of Star-Forming Lyman Alpha Emitting Galaxies at Low Redshift
• The nature of HI absorbers in GRB afterglows: clues from hydrodynamic simulations
• A Survey of Weak MgII Absorbers at 0.4 < z < 2.4
• Effect of radiative transfer on damped Lyman-alpha and Lyman limit systems in cosmological SPH simulations
• Lyman-alpha Blobs Like Company : The Discovery of A Candidate 100 kpc Lyman-alpha Blob Near to A Radio Galaxy with A Giant Lyman-alpha halo, B3 J2330+3927 at z=3.1
• Deep Spectroscopy of Systematically Surveyed Extended Lyman-alpha Sources at z~3-5
• The bias of DLAs at z ~ 2.3: contraining stellar feedback in shallow potential wells
• Cold gas accretion by high-velocity clouds and their connection to QSO absorption-line systems
• Spatially Resolved Emission of a High Redshift DLA Galaxy with the Keck/OSIRIS IFU
• Testing Cosmological Models Against the Abundance of Damped Lyman-Alpha Absorbers
• Very Massive Stars in High-Redshift Galaxies
• The Absorption Signatures of Dwarf Galaxies: The z=1.04 Multicloud Weak MgII Absorber toward PG 1634+706
• Nature of Lyman Alpha Blobs: Powered by Extreme Starbursts
• Quenched Cold Accretion of a Large Scale Metal-Poor Filament due to Virial Shocking in the Halo of a Massive z=0.7 Galaxy
• The Unchanging Circumgalactic Medium Over the Past 11 Billion Years
• A SINFONI Integral Field Spectroscopy Survey for Galaxy Counterparts to Damped Lyman-alpha Systems - IV. Masses and Gas Flows
• Searching for z~7.7 Lyman Alpha Emitters in the COSMOS Field with NEWFIRM
• Kinematics of Gas in Lyman Alpha Nebulae
• A joint model for the emission and absorption properties of damped Lyman alpha absorption systems
• z~1 Lya Emitters I. The Luminosity Function
• Mg II Absorption Characteristics of a Volume-Limited Sample of Galaxies at z ~ 0.1
• Plausible fluorescent Ly-alpha emitters around the z=3.1 QSO0420-388
• Stacked Rest-Frame UV Spectra of Ly$\alpha$-Emitting and Continuum-Selected Galaxies at 2<z<3.5
• To Stack or Not to Stack: Spectral Energy Distribution Properties of Lya-Emitting Galaxies at z=2.1
• Dissecting the Lyman Alpha Emission Halo of LAB1
• The Space Density of Redshift 5.7 Ly-Alpha Emitters
• The Absorption Signature of Six MgII-Selected Systems Over 0.5<z<0.9
• The Lyman-alpha emission of high-z damped Lyman-alpha systems
• An integral field spectroscopic survey for high redshift damped Lyman-alpha galaxies
• Infrared and millimetre-wavelength evidence for cold accretion within a z = 2.83 Lyman-alpha blob
• Evolution in the Continuum Morphological Properties of Lyman-Alpha-Emitting Galaxies from z=3.1 to z=2.1
• Precious Metals in SDSS Quasar Spectra II: Tracking the Evolution of Strong, 0.4 < z < 2.3 MgII Absorbers with Thousands of Systems
• Measurement of the Spatial Cross-Correlation Function of Damped Lyman Alpha Systems and Lyman Break Galaxies
• A Successful Broad-band Survey for Giant Lya Nebulae II: Spectroscopic Confirmation
• Directly imaging damped Lyman-alpha galaxies at z>2. I: Methodology and First Results
• Thermal constraints on the reionisation of hydrogen by population-II stellar sources
• A Search for the Damped Ly-alpha Absorber at z=1.86 toward QSO 1244+3443 with NICMOS
• The Building the Bridge survey for z=3 Ly-alpha emitting galaxies II: Completion of the survey
• Adaptive Mesh Refinement Simulations of the Ionization Structure and Kinematics of Damped Ly$\alpha$ Systems with Self-consistent Radiative Transfer
• The clustering of galaxies around three damped Ly-alpha absorbers at Redshift Three
• A SINFONI Integral Field Spectroscopy Survey for Galaxy Counterparts to Damped Lyman-alpha Systems - II. Dynamical Properties of the Galaxies towards Q0302-223 and Q1009-0026
• The HI Mass Density in Galactic Halos, Winds, and Cold Accretion as Traced by MgII Absorption
• Lyman break galaxy close and interacting pairs at z ~ 3
• The Smooth MgII gas distribution through the interstellar/extra-planar/halo interface
• Effect of Intergalactic Medium on the Observability of Lyman Alpha Emitters during Cosmic Reionization
• A Magellan IMACS Spectroscopic Search for Lyman-Alpha Emitting Galaxies at Redshift 5.7
• The Influence of Environment on the Circumgalactic Medium
• Stellar Populations of Lyman-alpha Emitters at z=4.86: A Comparison to $z\sim 5$ LBGs
• Empirical Constraints on the Star Formation & Redshift Dependence of the Lyman Alpha `Effective' Escape Fraction
• Are the kinematics of DLAs in agreement with their arising in the gas disks of galaxies?
• Large-Scale Star Formation-Driven Outflows at 1<z<2 in the 3D-HST Survey
• A Kennicutt-Schmidt Law for Intervening Absorption Line Systems
• Non-Gravitational Contributions to the Clustering of Ly-alpha Selected Galaxies: Implications for Cosmological Surveys
• Extended Lyman-alpha emission from interacting galaxies at high redshifts
• A Flux-Limited Sample of z~1 Ly-alpha Emitting Galaxies in the CDFS
• The Rest-frame Ultraviolet Light Profile Shapes of Ly-alpha-Emitting Galaxies at z=3.1
• Detections of Faint Lyman-alpha Emitters at z = 5.7: Galaxy Building Blocks and Engines of Reionization
• An 80-kpc Lyman-alpha halo around a high redshift type-2 QSO
• On the Two-Phase Structure of Protogalactic Clouds
• Narrow-Band Survey of the GOODS Fields: Search for Lyman-Alpha Emitters at z = 5.7
• Damped Lyα Absorption Systems in Semi-Analytic Models with Multiphase Gas
• The giant star forming halo associated with the radio galaxy PKS1932-46
• Lyman-alpha Emitters in Cosmological Simulations I: Lyman-alpha Escape Fraction and Statistical Properties at z=3.1
• Nurturing Lyman Break Galaxies: Observed link between environment and spectroscopic features
• The nature of the Lyman-alpha emission region of FDF-4691
• How the diffuse Universe cools
• Can gravitational infall energy lead to the observed velocity dispersion in DLAs?
• Empirical Constraints of Super-Galactic Winds at z >= 0.5
• First Investigation of the Clustering Environment of Damped Lyman Alpha Absorbers at z=4
• The properties of the brightest Lyman alpha emitters at z~5.7
• Giant Ly-alpha nebulae in the high redshift (z>2) Universe
• Winds and Infalling Gas in Lyman Break Galaxies
• Uncovering strong MgII absorbing galaxies: Imaging below the Lyman limit
• On the Origin of the High Column Density Turnover in the HI Column Density Distribution
• Modelling the fraction of Lyman Break Galaxies with strong Lyman alpha emission at 5 < z < 7
• Understanding the redshift evolution of the luminosity functions of Lyman-alpha emitters
• Metallicities and dust content of proximate damped Lyman alpha systems in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey
• The disappearance of Lyman alpha blobs: a GALEX search at z=0.8
• Extended and Filamentary Lyman Alpha Emission from the Formation of a Protogalactic Halo at z=2.63
• Search for z~7 Ly-alpha emitters with Suprime-Cam at the Subaru Telescope
• Cosmology from clustering of Lyman-alpha galaxies: breaking non-gravitational Lyman-alpha radiative transfer degeneracies using the bispectrum
• A massive bubble of extremely metal poor gas around a collapsing Ly-alpha blob at z=2.54
• Faint Resonantly Scattered Lyman Alpha Emission from the Absorption Troughs of Damped Lyman Alpha Systems at z ~ 3
• An Intermediate-band imaging survey for high-redshift Lyman Alpha Emitters: The Mahoroba-11
• Deep optical spectroscopy of extended Lyman alpha emission around three radio-quiet z=4.5 quasars
• [OIII] Emission and Gas Kinematics in a Lyman-alpha Blob at z ~ 3.1
• Differential Morphology Between Rest-frame Optical and UV Emission from 1.5 < z < 3 Star-forming Galaxies
• Obscured star formation in Ly-alpha blobs at z = 3.1
• SOAR Imaging of sub-Damped Lyman-Alpha Systems at z<1
• Hot Gas, Cold Gas and Sub-Halos in a Lyman-alpha Blob at Redshift 2.38
• Galaxy Clusters in the Line of Sight to Background Quasars: II. Environmental effects on the sizes of baryonic halo sizes
• Physical properties of Lyman-alpha emitters at $z\sim 0.3$ from UV-to-FIR measurements
• Evolution of the Lyman-alpha Halos around High-Redshift Radio Galaxies
• Halo Masses of MgII absorbers at z\sim 0.5 from SDSS DR7
• Molecular hydrogen in Lyman Alpha Emitters
• Complex Mg II absorption in the outer disk of M61
• Star-forming Galactic Contrails at z=3.2 as a Source of Metal Enrichment and Ionizing Radiation
• Predicting the Merger Fraction of Lyman alpha Emitters from Redshift z~3 to z~7
• Effects of photon trapping on the Lyman-alpha properties of star-forming galaxies
• Cross-Correlation between Damped Ly-alpha Systems and Ly-break Galaxies in Cosmological SPH Simulations

Cited by in corpus (25)

• Zooming on the internal structure of $z\simeq 6$ galaxies
• Ly$\alpha$ Spectra from Multiphase Outflows, and their Connection to Shell Models
• From Mirrors to Windows: Lyman-Alpha Radiative Transfer in a Very Clumpy Medium
• The SDSS-DR12 large-scale cross-correlation of Damped Lyman Alpha Systems with the Lyman Alpha Forest
• Resonant line transfer in a fog: Using Lyman-alpha to probe tiny structures in atomic gas
• Modeling $237$ Lyman-$\alpha$ spectra of the MUSE-Wide survey
• The UV, Lyman-alpha, and dark matter halo properties of high redshift galaxies
• On the contribution of fluorescence to Ly$\alpha$ halos (LAHs) around star forming galaxies
• Probing the intra-group medium of a z = 0.28 galaxy group
• Simulating the diversity of shapes of the Lyman-$\alpha$ line
• Lyman Alpha Signatures from Direct Collapse Black Holes
• Small-scale Intensity Mapping: Extended Ly$\alpha$, H$\alpha$ and Continuum emission as a Probe of Halo Star Formation in High-redshift Galaxies
• Mapping metals at high redshift with far-infrared lines
• The Mean Metal-line Absorption Spectrum of DLAs in BOSS
• Lyman-α Emitters in the context of hierarchical galaxy formation: predictions for VLT/MUSE surveys
• Giant Lyman-Alpha Nebulae in the Illustris Simulation
• Ab Initio Cosmological Simulations of CR7 as an Active Black Hole
• Dissecting cold gas in a high-redshift galaxy using a lensed background quasar
• MUSE unravels the ionisation and origin of metal enriched absorbers in the gas halo of a z = 2.92 radio galaxy
• The Study of Circumgalactic Medium with Quasar Pairs
• Damped Lyman-$\alpha$ absorbers and atomic hydrogen in galaxies: the view of the GAEA model
• Crossing walls and windows: the curious escape of Lyman-$\alpha$ photons through ionised channels
• Constraining Reionization with Lyman Alpha Emitting Galaxies
• A public grid of radiative transfer simulations for Lyman-alpha and metal lines in idealised galactic outflows
• MUSE Analysis of Gas around Galaxies (MAGG) -- VI. The cool and enriched gas environment of z$\gtrsim$3 Ly$\alpha$ emitters