Spectroscopic Confirmation of Three z-Dropout Galaxies at z = 6.844 - 7.213: Demographics of Lyman-Alpha Emission in z ~ 7 Galaxies

Abstract

We present the results of our ultra-deep Keck/DEIMOS spectroscopy of z-dropout galaxies in the SDF and GOODS-N. For 3 out of 11 objects, we detect an emission line at ~ 1um with a signal-to-noise ratio of ~ 10. The lines show asymmetric profiles with high weighted skewness values, consistent with being Lya, yielding redshifts of z=7.213, 6.965, and 6.844. Specifically, we confirm the z=7.213 object in two independent DEIMOS runs with different spectroscopic configurations. The z=6.965 object is a known Lya emitter, IOK-1, for which our improved spectrum at a higher resolution yields a robust skewness measurement. The three z-dropouts have Lya fluxes of 3 x 10^-17 erg s^-1 cm^-2 and rest-frame equivalent widths EW_0^Lya = 33-43A. Based on the largest spectroscopic sample of 43 z-dropouts that is the combination of our and previous data, we find that the fraction of Lya-emitting galaxies (EW_0^Lya > 25A) is low at z ~ 7; 17 +- 10% and 24 +- 12% for bright (Muv ~= -21) and faint (Muv ~= -19.5) galaxies, respectively. The fractions of Lya-emitting galaxies drop from z ~ 6 to 7 and the amplitude of the drop is larger for faint galaxies than for bright galaxies. These two pieces of evidence would indicate that the neutral hydrogen fraction of the IGM increases from z ~ 6 to 7, and that the reionization proceeds from high- to low-density environments, as suggested by an inside-out reionization model.

15 pages, 9 figures, accepted for publication in ApJ

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• Predicting Lyman-alpha escape fractions with a simple observable: Lyman-alpha in emission as an empirically calibrated star formation rate indicator
• Texas Spectroscopic Search for Ly$\alpha$ Emission at the End of Reionization II. The Deepest Near-Infrared Spectroscopic Observation at $z\gtrsim 7$
• SuperBoRG: Search for The Brightest of Reionizing Galaxies and Quasars in HST Parallel Imaging Data
• VLT/XSHOOTER & Subaru/MOIRCS Spectroscopy of HUDF-YD3: No Evidence for Lyman-alpha Emission at z=8.55
• The Morphology of Reionization in a Dynamically Clumpy Universe
• Effects of Star Formation Stochasticity on the Ly-alpha & Lyman Continuum Emission from Dwarf Galaxies during Reionization
• Starburst and post-starburst high-redshift protogalaxies: The feedback impact of high energy cosmic rays
• What do observations of the Lyman-alpha fraction tell us about reionization?
• CLEAR: Boosted Ly$\alpha$ Transmission of the Intergalactic Medium in UV bright Galaxies
• BEoRN: A fast and flexible framework to simulate the epoch of reionisation and cosmic dawn
• The Detection of Ionized Carbon Emission at z~8
• Can the 21 cm signal probe Population III and II star formation?
• The Impact of Neutral Intergalactic Gas on Lyman-$\alpha$ Intensity Mapping During Reionization
• Simulating JWST/NIRCam Color Selection of High-Redshift Galaxies
• The Size and Pervasiveness of Ly$\alpha$-UV Spatial Offsets in Star-Forming Galaxies at $z\sim 6$
• Morphological Properties of Lyman Alpha Emitters at Redshift 4.86 in the COSMOS Field: Clumpy Star Formation or Merger?
• The X-ray and radio activity of typical and luminous Lya emitters from z~2 to z~6: evidence for a diverse, evolving population
• Keck-I MOSFIRE spectroscopy of the z~12 candidate galaxy UDFj-39546284
• Cold accretion in early galaxy formation and its Lyman-alpha signatures
• Evidence for Reduced Specific Star Formation Rates in the Centers of Massive Galaxies at z = 4
• Constraining Reionization in Progress at z=5.7 with Lyman-$\alpha$ Emitters: Voids, Peaks, and Cosmic Variance
• Astraeus VI: Hierarchical assembly of AGN and their large-scale effect during the Epoch of Reionization
• Dust attenuation of the nebular regions and optical emission lines of $z\sim 2$ star-forming galaxies
• Astraeus VIII: A new framework for Lyman-$\alpha$ emitters applied to different reionisation scenarios
• ALMA Observations of the Host Galaxy of GRB090423 at z=8.23: Deep Limits on Obscured Star Formation 630 Million Years After the Big Bang
• Joining bits and pieces of reionization history
• Near-Infrared Survey of the GOODS-North Field: Search for Luminous Galaxy Candidates at z=>6.5
• Universe opacity and CMB
• The scattering of LyA radiation in the intergalactic medium: numerical methods and solutions
• The THESAN project: Lyman-alpha emitter luminosity function calibration
• A Lyman Break Galaxy in the Epoch of Reionization from HST Grism Spectroscopy
• Constraining Very High Mass Population III Stars through He II Emission in Galaxy BDF-521 at z = 7.01
• SHARDS Frontier Fields: Physical properties of a low mass Lyman-alpha emitter at z=5.75
• Discovery of Massive, Mostly Star-formation Quenched Galaxies with Extremely Large Lyman-alpha Equivalent Widths at z ~ 3
• Gaussian Process Reconstruction of Reionization History
• Star Formation Rate and Extinction in Faint z~4 Lyman-Break Galaxies
• CHORUS IV: Mapping the Spatially Inhomogeneous Cosmic Reionization with Subaru HSC
• Lyman-alpha Emitters in Ionized Bubbles: Constraining the Environment and Ionized Fraction
• A Search for z=7.3 Lyα Emitters behind Gravitationally Lensing Clusters
• Constraining the reionization history with CMB and spectroscopic observations
• A Systematic Search for Lensed High-Redshift Galaxies in HST Images of MACS Clusters
• Not In Our Backyard: Spectroscopic Support for the CLASH z=11 Candidate MACS0647-JD
• A Catalog of Emission-Line Galaxies from the Faint Infrared Grism Survey: Studying Environmental Influence on Star Formation
• A $1.4$ deg${}^2$ blind survey for CII], CIII] and CIV at $\mathbf{z}\sim 0.7-1.5$. II: luminosity functions and cosmic average line ratios
• MusE GAs FLOw and Wind (MEGAFLOW) XII. Rationale and design of a MgII survey of the cool circum-galactic medium with MUSE and UVES: The MEGAFLOW Survey
• ALMA Lensing Cluster Survey: A spectral stacking analysis of [CII] in lensed $z\sim 6$ galaxies
• Testing an indirect method for identifying galaxies with high levels of Lyman continuum leakage
• The impact of Lyman-$\alpha$ emission line heating and cooling on the cosmic dawn 21-cm signal
• Constraining Reionization with Lyman Alpha Emitting Galaxies
• Dark Twilight Joined with the Light of Dawn to Unveil the Reionization History
• Lyman alpha Properties of Simulated Galaxies in Overdense Regions: Effects of Galactic Winds at z > 6
• Spitzer's View of the Candidate Cluster and Protocluster Catalog (CCPC)
• Observations of Ly$\alpha$ Emitters at High Redshift
• On the star formation efficiency in high redshift Lyman-α emitters
• Filter Induced Bias in Lyα Emitter Surveys: A Comparison Between Standard and Tunable Filters. Gran Telescopio Canarias Preliminary Results
• Subaru FOCAS survey of z=7-7.1 Lyα emitters: a test for z >~ 7 Lyα photometric luminosity functions
• A search for Ly-alpha emitters around a concentrated-region of strong Ly-alpha absorbers at z=2.3
• Subaru Telescope -- History, Active/Adaptive Optics, Instruments, and Scientific Achievements
• Probing Patchy Reionization with the Void Probability Function of Lyman-$\alpha$ Emitters
• A spectroscopically confirmed z=1.327 galaxy-scale deflector magnifying a z~8 Lyman-Break galaxy in the Brightest of Reionizing Galaxies survey
• A tentative $\sim$1000 km s${}^{-1}$ offset between the [CII] 158 $\mu$m and Ly$\alpha$ line emission in a star-forming galaxy at $z=7.2$
• SEURAT: SPH scheme extended with ultraviolet line radiative transfer
• A Multiply-Imaged z $\sim$ 6.3 Lyman Alpha Emitter candidate behind Abell 2261
• Scattering of Lyα Photons through the Reionizing Intergalactic Medium: I. Spectral Energy Distribution
• Model-independent Reconstruction of UV Luminosity Function and Reionization Epoch
• Model for common growth of supermassive black holes, bulges and globular star clusters: ripping off Jeans clusters
• What can we learn about Reionization astrophysical parameters using Gaussian Process Regression?
• Infra-red emission line tomography of the intergalactic medium during the Epoch of Reionization
• Unveiling the Phase Transition of the Universe During the Reionization Epoch with Lyman-alpha
• Luminosity Bias (II): The Cosmic Web of the First Stars
• The MUSE Hubble Ultra Deep Field Survey XIV. The evolution of the Lya emitter fraction from z=3 to z=6
• Deep JWST spectroscopy of galaxies in a candidate ionized bubble at $z=8.7$: probing reionization at pMpc scales with Ly$\alpha$ emission
• Constraints on the Epoch of Reionization with Roman Space Telescope and the Void Probability Function of Lyman-Alpha Emitters
• Exploration of the high-redshift universe enabled by THESEUS
• Radiative Transfer Simulations of Ly$\alpha$ Intensity Mapping During Cosmic Reionization Including Sources from Galaxies and the Intergalactic Medium