Lyman Alpha Emitting Galaxies as a Probe of Reionization

Abstract

The Epoch of Reionization (EoR) represents a milestone in the evolution of our Universe. Star-forming galaxies that existed during the EoR likely emitted a significant fraction (~5-40%) of their bolometric luminosity as Lyman Alpha (Lya) line emission. However, neutral intergalactic gas that existed during the EoR was opaque to Lya emission that escaped from galaxies during this epoch, which makes it difficult to observe. The neutral intergalactic medium (IGM) may thus reveal itself by suppressing the Lya flux from background galaxies. Interestingly, a `sudden' reduction in the observed Lya flux has now been observed in galaxies at z >6. This review contains a detailed summary of Lya radiative processes: I describe (i) the main Lya emission processes, including collisional-excitation & recombination (and derive the famous factor `0.68'), and (ii) basic radiative transfer concepts, including e.g. partially coherent scattering, frequency diffusion, resonant versus wing scattering, optically thick versus 'extremely' optically thick (static/outflowing/collapsing) media, and multiphase media. Following this review, I derive expressions for the Gunn-Peterson optical depth of the IGM during (inhomogeneous) reionization and post-reionization. I then describe why current observations appear to require a very rapid evolution of volume-averaged neutral fraction of hydrogen in the context of realistic inhomogeneous reionization models, and discuss uncertainties in this interpretation. Finally, I describe how existing & futures surveys and instruments can help reduce these uncertainties, and allow us to fully exploit Lya emitting galaxies as a probe of the EoR.

arXiv comment27 pages, 19 figures. Invited review submitted to PASA following revision based on referee report. Added some references, fixed Fig~4

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• Radiative effects during the assembly of direct collapse black holes
• Probing high-redshift galaxies with Ly$\alpha$ intensity mapping
• RELICS: Strong Lensing analysis of the galaxy clusters Abell S295, Abell 697, MACS J0025.4-1222, and MACS J0159.8-0849
• On the detectability of visible-wavelength line emission from the local circumgalactic and intergalactic medium
• Boosting Lya and HeII 1640A Line Fluxes from Pop III Galaxies: Stochastic IMF Sampling and Departures from Case-B
• The Magellan M2FS Spectroscopic Survey of High-Redshift Galaxies: A Sample of 260 Ly$\alpha$ Emitters at Redshift $z\approx 5.7$
• Variations of Observed Lyman-α Spectra Shapes due to the Intergalactic Absorption
• Unlocking the Full Potential of Extragalactic Ly$\alpha$ through Its Polarization Properties
• Texas Spectroscopic Search for Ly$\alpha$ Emission at the End of Reionization II. The Deepest Near-Infrared Spectroscopic Observation at $z\gtrsim 7$
• Resolved Lyman-α properties of a luminous Lyman-break galaxy in a large ionised bubble at z = 6.53
• Giant Lyman-Alpha Nebulae in the Illustris Simulation
• Ab Initio Cosmological Simulations of CR7 as an Active Black Hole
• Effects of Spatial Discretization in Lyman-alpha Line Radiation Transfer Simulations
• Discrete diffusion Lyman-alpha radiative transfer
• The Size and Pervasiveness of Ly$\alpha$-UV Spatial Offsets in Star-Forming Galaxies at $z\sim 6$
• Sub-kiloparsec Imaging of Lyman-alpha Emission in a Low Mass, Highly Ionized, Gravitationally Lensed Galaxy at z = 1.84
• Mapping the "invisible" circumgalactic medium around a z $\sim$ 4.5 radio galaxy with MUSE
• The ALPINE-ALMA [CII] Survey: the population of [CII]-undetected galaxies and their role in the ${\mathrm{L}}_{[\mathrm{CII}]}$-SFR relation
• The HETDEX Survey: The Ly$\alpha$ Escape Fraction from 3D-HST Emission Line Galaxies at $z\sim 2$
• Unveiling Luminous Ly$\alpha$ Emitters at $z\approx 6$ through JWST/NIRCam Imaging in the COSMOS Field
• Insights into the reionization epoch from cosmic-noon-CIV emitters in the VANDELS survey
• Constraints on the $z\sim 6-13$ intergalactic medium from JWST spectroscopy of Lyman-alpha damping wings in galaxies
• A $1.4$ deg${}^2$ blind survey for CII], CIII] and CIV at $\mathbf{z}\sim 0.7-1.5$. I: nature, morphologies and equivalent widths
• Lyman-$\alpha$ Polarization Intensity Mapping
• The THESAN project: Lyman-alpha emitter luminosity function calibration
• Lyman-$\alpha$ feedback prevails at Cosmic Dawn: Implications for the first galaxies, stars, and star clusters
• The Origin and Evolution of Lyman-alpha Blobs in Cosmological Galaxy Formation Simulations
• The Ly$\alpha$ emission from high-$z$ galaxies hosting strong Damped Ly$\alpha$ systems
• The Lyman Alpha Spectral Database (LASD)
• Cosmology before noon with multiple galaxy populations
• Scrutiny of a very young, metal-poor star-forming Lyα-emitter at z ~ 3.7
• 3D tomography of the giant Ly$\alpha$ nebulae of $z$$\approx$3--5 radio-loud AGN
• The interstellar medium of high-redshift galaxies: Gathering clues from C III] and [C II] lines
• Lyman-alpha radiation pressure: an analytical exploration
• 3-cm Fine Structure Masers: A Unique Signature of Supermassive Black Hole Formation via Direct Collapse in the Early Universe
• Predicting the Observability of Population III Stars with ELT-HARMONI via the Helium $1640\mathring{\mathrm{A}}$ emission line
• Resonant-line radiative transfer within power-law density profiles
• SHARDS Frontier Fields: Physical properties of a low mass Lyman-alpha emitter at z=5.75
• Prospects for Observing the low-density Cosmic Web in Lyman-alpha Emission
• The Lyman Alpha Reference Sample. VIII. Characterizing Lyman-Alpha Scattering in Nearby Galaxies
• Mapping the low surface brightness Universe in the UV band with Lya emission from IGM filaments
• Probing delayed-end reionization histories with the 21cm-LAE cross-power spectrum
• Filament Hunting: Integrated HI 21cm Emission From Filaments Inferred by Galaxy Surveys
• Stellar feedback in a clumpy galaxy at $z\sim$ 3.4
• Updated measurements of [O III] 88 $\mu$m, [C II] 158 $\mu$m, and Dust Continuum Emission from a z=7.2 Galaxy
• Stellar Populations of Lyman-alpha Emitting Galaxies in the HETDEX Survey I: An Analysis of LAEs in the GOODS-N Field
• The Lyman Alpha Reference Sample XII: Morphology of extended Lyman alpha emission in star-forming galaxies
• Introducing the Texas Euclid Survey for Lyman Alpha (TESLA) Survey: Initial Study Correlating Galaxy Properties to Lyman-Alpha Emission
• The Impact of Cosmic Variance on Inferences of Global Neutral Fraction Derived from Ly$\alpha$ Luminosity Functions During Reionization
• Simulation-Based Inference of the sky-averaged 21-cm signal from CD-EoR with REACH
• A $1.4$ deg${}^2$ blind survey for CII], CIII] and CIV at $\mathbf{z}\sim 0.7-1.5$. II: luminosity functions and cosmic average line ratios
• Can galaxy evolution mimic cosmic reionization?
• Mapping reionization bubbles in the JWST era II: inferring the position and characteristic size of individual bubbles
• Spatially-resolved Spectroscopic Analysis of Ly$\alpha$ Haloes: Radial Evolution of the Ly$\alpha$ Line Profile out to 60 kpc
• Crossing walls and windows: the curious escape of Lyman-$\alpha$ photons through ionised channels
• The Lyman $\alpha$ Reference Sample XIV: Lyman $\alpha$ imaging of 45 low redshift star-forming galaxies and inferences on global emission
• Constraining Reionization with Lyman Alpha Emitting Galaxies
• Resolved galactic superwinds reconstructed around their host galaxies at z>3
• Blue Wings and Bumps via Fermi-like Acceleration of Lyman-alpha photons across Shocks
• Lyman Alpha Emitters and the 21cm Power Spectrum as Probes of Density-Ionization Correlation in the Epoch of Reionization
• A Multi-messenger view of Cosmic Dawn: Conquering the Final Frontier
• Are Lyα emitters segregated in protoclusters regions?
• Distinguishing AGN from starbursts as the origin of double peaked Lyman-Alpha Emitters in the reionization era
• Prospects for detecting cosmic filaments in Lyman-alpha emission across redshifts $z=2-5$
• Lyman-alpha resonant-line radiative transfer in expanding media
• A unique window into the Epoch of Reionisation: A double-peaked Lyman-$\alpha$ emitter in the proximity zone of a quasar at $z\sim 6.6$
• Lyman-alpha at Cosmic Noon I: Ly-alpha Spectral Type Selection of z ~ 2-3 Lyman Break Galaxies with Broadband Imaging
• The Epoch of Reionization in Warm Dark Matter Scenarios
• Identifying the Lens Galaxy B1152+199 as a Ghostly Damped Lyman Alpha System by the Cosmic Origins Spectrograph
• Modelling LAEs in the Epoch of Reionization with OBELISK
• Scattering of Lyα Photons through the Reionizing Intergalactic Medium: I. Spectral Energy Distribution
• A half-ring of ionized circumstellar material trapped in the magnetosphere of a white dwarf merger remnant
• Impact of Cosmic Variance on the Galaxy-Halo Connection for Lyman-$\alpha$ Emitters
• Ly$\alpha$ Emission from [OIII] Emitters Near Reionization: The role of environment in galaxy Ly$\alpha$ detection
• Discovery of a damped Ly$\alpha$ galaxy at z $\sim$ 3 towards the quasar SDSS J011852+040644
• The Lyman Alpha Reference Sample. XVI. Global 21cm HI properties of Lyman-$\alpha$ emitting galaxies
• The Lyman alpha Sky as Observed by New Horizons
• Influence of turbulence on Lyman-alpha scattering
• Reionization in Protocluster Environments at $z>7$ with JWST/NIRSpec
• Star Formation for Predictive Primordial Galaxy Formation
• Modelling the gas kinematics of an atypical Lyman-alpha emitting compact dwarf galaxy
• Fast Luminous Blue Transients in the Reionization Era and Beyond
• Deep JWST spectroscopy of galaxies in a candidate ionized bubble at $z=8.7$: probing reionization at pMpc scales with Ly$\alpha$ emission
• ODIN: Using multiplicity of Lyman-Alpha Emitters to assess star formation activity in dark matter halos
• Double-Peaked Ly$\alpha$ Emission during Reionization Requires Nearby Voids and a Favorable Local Ionizing Background
• Star-Formation in Neutral Hydrogen Gas Reservoirs at Cosmic Noon
• Partial Ly$\alpha$ thermalization in an analytic nonlinear diffusion model
• Prospects for constraining quasar ages with fiber spectrographs: quasar-induced Ly$\alpha$ emission from the intergalactic medium
• Ciii]$\lambda 1909$ emission as an alternative to Ly$\alpha$ in the reionization era: the dependence of Ciii] and Ly$\alpha$ at $3<z<4$ from the VANDELS survey
• The stellar population of a $z\sim 3.25$ Ly$\alpha$ emitting group associated with a damped Ly$\alpha$ absorber
• Constraining the geometry of the gas surrounding a typical galaxy at $z=3.4$ with Ly$\alpha$ polarization
• A gradient boosting and broadband approach to finding Lyman-α emitting galaxies beyond narrowband surveys
• Exploring the gaseous halos of z>3 radio galaxies with UVES and JWST/NIRSpec
• Resolving dust and Lyα emission in a lensed galaxy at the epoch of reionization with JWST/CANUCS