Observations of the Lyman-$\alpha$ Universe

Abstract

Hydrogen Lyman-$\alpha$ (Ly$\alpha$) emission has been one of the major observational probes for the high redshift universe, since the first discoveries of high-$z$ Ly$\alpha$ emitting galaxies in the late 1990s. Due to the strong Ly$\alpha$ emission originated by resonant scattering and recombination of the most-abundant element, Ly$\alpha$ observations witness not only HII regions of star formation and AGN but also diffuse HI gas in the circum-galactic medium (CGM) and the inter-galactic medium (IGM). Here we review Ly$\alpha$ sources, and present theoretical interpretations reached to date. We conclude that: 1) A typical Ly$\alpha$ emitter (LAE) at $z\gtrsim 2$ with a $L^{\ast }$ Ly$\alpha$ luminosity is a high-$z$ counterpart of a local dwarf galaxy, a compact metal-poor star-forming galaxy (SFG) with an approximate stellar (halo) mass and star-formation rate of $10^{8-9}{M}_{\odot }$ ($10^{10-11}{M}_{\odot }$) and $1-10M_{\odot }$ yr${}^{-1}$, respectively; 2) High-$z$ SFGs ubiquitously have a diffuse Ly$\alpha$ emitting halo in the CGM extending to the halo virial radius and beyond; 3) Remaining neutral hydrogen at the epoch of reionization makes a strong dimming of Ly$\alpha$ emission for galaxies at $z>6$ that suggest the late reionization history. The next generation large telescope projects will combine Ly$\alpha$ emission data with HI Ly$\alpha$ absorptions and 21cm radio data that map out the majority of hydrogen (HI+HII) gas, uncovering the exchanges of i) matter by outflow/inflow and ii) radiation, relevant to cosmic reionization, between galaxies and the CGM/IGM.

arXiv comment45 pages, 18 figures. Invited review published in Annual Reviews of Astronomy and Astrophysics. See https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev-astro-032620-021859 for updated version

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• The Impact of Anisotropic Redshift Distributions on Angular Clustering
• Lyman-alpha radiation pressure: an analytical exploration
• The VANDELS Survey: New constraints on the high-mass X-ray binary populations in normal star-forming galaxies at 3 < z < 5.5
• Lyman-alpha Emitters in Ionized Bubbles: Constraining the Environment and Ionized Fraction
• CHORUS IV: Mapping the Spatially Inhomogeneous Cosmic Reionization with Subaru HSC
• Stellar feedback in a clumpy galaxy at $z\sim$ 3.4
• A lack of LAEs within 5Mpc of a luminous quasar in an overdensity at z=6.9: potential evidence of quasar negative feedback at protocluster scales
• Stellar Populations of Lyman-alpha Emitting Galaxies in the HETDEX Survey I: An Analysis of LAEs in the GOODS-N Field
• Revealing the Nature of a Lyman-$\alpha$ Halo in a Strongly Lensed Interacting System at $z=2.92$
• Resolving the Ultra-Luminous X-ray Sources in the Ly$\alpha$ Emitting Galaxy Haro 11
• Introducing the Texas Euclid Survey for Lyman Alpha (TESLA) Survey: Initial Study Correlating Galaxy Properties to Lyman-Alpha Emission
• The Ly$\alpha$, CIV, and HeII nebulae around J1000+0234: a galaxy pair at the center of a galaxy overdensity at $z=4.5$
• Can galaxy evolution mimic cosmic reionization?
• Intermediate-Mass Black Holes in Green Pea Galaxies (IMBH-GP) I: a Candidate Sample from LAMOST and SDSS
• Crossing walls and windows: the curious escape of Lyman-$\alpha$ photons through ionised channels
• Spatially-resolved Spectroscopic Analysis of Ly$\alpha$ Haloes: Radial Evolution of the Ly$\alpha$ Line Profile out to 60 kpc
• A SPectroscopic survey of biased halos In the Reionization Era (ASPIRE): JWST Discovers an Overdensity around a Metal Absorption-selected Galaxy at $z\sim 5.5$
• The MUSE Extremely Deep Field: Classifying the Spectral Shapes of Lya Emitting Galaxies
• Constraining the 21cm brightness temperature of the IGM at $z$=6.6 around LAEs with the Murchison Widefield Array
• Galaxy populations in protoclusters at cosmic noon
• Influence of mergers on LyC escape of high redshift galaxies
• Identifying Lyα emitter candidates with Random Forest: learning from galaxies in CANDELS survey
• Photometric IGM Tomography: Efficiently Mapping Quasar Light Echoes with Deep Narrow Band Imaging
• The miniJPAS Survey: Detection of double-core Lyα morphology of two high-redshift (z>3) QSOs
• Spectroscopy of an extreme [OIII] emitting active galactic nucleus at $z=3.212$: implications for the reionisation era
• MUSE Analysis of Gas around Galaxies (MAGG) -- VI. The cool and enriched gas environment of z$\gtrsim$3 Ly$\alpha$ emitters
• Quenching of Galaxies at Cosmic Noon: Understanding the Effect of Environment
• The Role of Dust, UV Luminosity and Large-scale Environment on the Escape of Lya Photons: A Case Study of a Protocluster field at z = 3.1
• Probing the cosmic web in Ly$\alpha$ emission over large scales: an Intensity Mapping forecast for DECaLS/BASS and DESI
• Photometric IGM tomography with Subaru/HSC: the large-scale structure of Ly$\alpha$ emitters and IGM transmission in the COSMOS field at $z\sim 5$
• The miniJPAS & J-NEP surveys: Identification and characterization of the Ly$\alpha$ Emitter population and the Ly$\alpha$ Luminosity Function
• Generation of high circular polarization of interstellar Lyman $\alpha$ radiation triggering biological homochirality
• Three-Dimensional Stacking as a Line Intensity Mapping Statistic
• Lyman-alpha at Cosmic Noon I: Ly-alpha Spectral Type Selection of z ~ 2-3 Lyman Break Galaxies with Broadband Imaging
• The Intrinsic Distribution of Lyman-$\alpha$ Halos
• Circumgalactic Ly$\alpha$ Nebulae in Overdense Quasar Pair Regions Observed with the Palomar Cosmic Web Imager
• The Active Galactic Nuclei in the Hobby-Eberly Telescope Dark Energy Experiment Survey (HETDEX) III. A red quasar with extremely high equivalent widths showing powerful outflows
• Modelling LAEs in the Epoch of Reionization with OBELISK
• The Lyman Alpha Reference Sample. XVI. Global 21cm HI properties of Lyman-$\alpha$ emitting galaxies
• Near-IR narrow-band imaging with CIRCE at the Gran Telescopio Canarias: Searching for Ly$\alpha$-emitters at $z\sim 9.3$
• Impact of reionization history on constraining primordial gravitational waves in future all-sky cosmic microwave background experiments
• zELDA II: reconstruction of galactic Lyman-alpha spectra attenuated by the intergalactic medium using neural networks
• Impact of redshift distribution uncertainties on Lyman-break galaxy cosmological parameter inference
• Direct correlation of line intensity mapping and CMB lensing from evolution along the lightcone
• Influence of turbulence on Lyman-alpha scattering
• Reionization in Protocluster Environments at $z>7$ with JWST/NIRSpec
• Lyα Intensity Mapping in HETDEX: Galaxy-Lyα Intensity Cross-Power Spectrum
• On the Evidence for Molecular Outflows in High-redshift Dusty Star-forming Galaxies
• The effect of ionizing background fluctuations on the spatial correlations of high redshift Ly$\alpha$-emitting galaxies
• On the Origin of the Strong Optical Variability of Emission-line Galaxies
• HETDEX Public Data Release 1: Source Catalog 2 and Data Cubes from ~90 sq deg of Integral-Field Optical Spectroscopy
• Deep JWST spectroscopy of galaxies in a candidate ionized bubble at $z=8.7$: probing reionization at pMpc scales with Ly$\alpha$ emission
• Mapping neutral islands during end stages of reionization with photometric intergalactic medium tomography
• A physically-motivated template set for high-z galaxy SED fitting
• Can luminous Lyman alpha emitters at $z$ $\simeq$ 5.7 and $z$ $\simeq$ 6.6 suppress star formation?
• Lyman-alpha at Cosmic Noon II: The relationship between kinematics and Lyman-alpha in z~2-3 Lyman Break Galaxies
• ODIN: Using multiplicity of Lyman-Alpha Emitters to assess star formation activity in dark matter halos
• ODIN: A New Lyman Alpha Blob Selection Method, Sample, and Statistical Analysis at $z\sim 3.1$
• A Lyman continuum analysis for $\sim 100$ galaxies at $z_{\text{spec}}\sim 3$ in the Abell 2744 Cluster Field
• Double-Peaked Ly$\alpha$ Emission during Reionization Requires Nearby Voids and a Favorable Local Ionizing Background
• Direct Collapse Pre-supermassive Black Hole Objects as Ly$\alpha$ Emitters
• A gradient boosting and broadband approach to finding Lyman-α emitting galaxies beyond narrowband surveys
• MUSE Analysis of Gas around Galaxies (MAGG) -- VII. Emission line galaxies near strong blended Ly$\alpha$ absorption systems at $z\gtrsim 3$
• Resolving dust and Lyα emission in a lensed galaxy at the epoch of reionization with JWST/CANUCS
• The ALMA View of High-Redshift Galaxy Formation
• Clustering analysis of medium-band selected high-redshift galaxies
• Resolving circumgalactic gas flows around a z$\approx$3.6 quasar using MUSE and ALMA
• Bayesian luminosity function estimation in multi-depth datasets with selection effects: A case study for $3<z<5$ Lyman $\alpha$ emitters
• The stellar population of a $z\sim 3.25$ Ly$\alpha$ emitting group associated with a damped Ly$\alpha$ absorber
• A Non-parametric Method for the Inference of Halo Occupation Distributions