Strong Nebular Line Ratios in the Spectra of z~2-3 Star-forming Galaxies: First Results from KBSS-MOSFIRE

Abstract

We present initial results of a deep near-IR spectroscopic survey covering the 15 fields of the Keck Baryonic Structure Survey (KBSS) using MOSFIRE on the Keck 1 telescope, focusing on a sample of 251 galaxies with redshifts 2.0< z < 2.6, star-formation rates 2 < SFR < 200 M_sun/yr, and stellar masses 8.6 < log(M*/M_sun) < 11.4, with high-quality spectra in both H- and K-band atmospheric windows. We show unambiguously that the locus of z~2.3 galaxies in the "BPT" nebular diagnostic diagram exhibits a disjoint, yet similarly tight, relationship between the ratios [NII]6585/Halpha and [OIII]/Hbeta as compared to local galaxies. Using photoionization models, we argue that the offset of the z~2.3 locus relative to z~ 0 is explained by a combination of harder ionizing radiation field, higher ionization parameter, and higher N/O at a given O/H than applies to most local galaxies, and that the position of a galaxy along the z~2.3 star-forming BPT locus is surprisingly insensitive to gas-phase oxygen abundance. The observed nebular emission line ratios are most easily reproduced by models in which the net ionizing radiation field resembles a blackbody with effective temperature T_eff = 50000-60000 K and N/O close to the solar value at all O/H. We critically assess the applicability of commonly-used strong line indices for estimating gas-phase metallicities, and consider the implications of the small intrinsic scatter in the empirical relationship between excitation-sensitive line indices and stellar mass (i.e., the "mass-metallicity" relation), at z~2.3.

41 pages, 25 figures, accepted for publication in the Astrophysical Journal. Version with full-resolution figures available at http://www.astro.caltech.edu/~ccs/mos_bpt_submit.pdf

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• Applications of Stellar Population Synthesis in the Distant Universe
• MusE GAs FLOw and Wind (MEGAFLOW) XI. Scaling relations between outflows and host galaxy properties
• A new fitting concept for the robust determination of Sérsic model parameters
• NGDEEP: The Star Formation and Ionization Properties of Galaxies at $1.7<z<3.4$
• Circumgalactic Environments around Distant Quasars 3C 9 and 4C 05.84
• The InfraRed Imaging Spectrograph (IRIS) for TMT: Overview of innovative science programs
• Radio observations confirm young stellar populations in local analogues to $z\sim 5$ Lyman break galaxies
• A break in the high-redshift stellar mass Tully-Fisher relation
• Inferring redshift and galaxy properties via a multi-task neural net with probabilistic outputs: An application to simulated MOONS spectra
• Monitoring broad emission-line components in spectra of the two low-metallicity dwarf compact star-forming galaxies SBS 1420+540 and J1444+4840
• The JWST EXCELS Survey: gas-phase metallicity evolution at 2 < z < 8
• A comprehensive study on the relation between the metal enrichment of ionised and atomic gas in star-forming galaxies
• Reconciling the Results of the z~2 MOSDEF and KBSS-MOSFIRE Surveys
• Observations of Ly$\alpha$ Emitters at High Redshift
• Chemical Abundances of a Sample of Oxygen-dominated Galaxies
• Photometric IGM tomography with Subaru/HSC: the large-scale structure of Ly$\alpha$ emitters and IGM transmission in the COSMOS field at $z\sim 5$
• The MOSDEF Survey: Towards a Complete Census of the z ~ 2.3 Star-forming Galaxy Population
• Assessing model-based carbon and oxygen abundance derivation from ultraviolet emission lines in AGNs
• HST Hα grism spectroscopy of ROLES: a flatter low-mass slope for the z~1 SSFR--mass relation
• Spectroscopy of an extreme [OIII] emitting active galactic nucleus at $z=3.212$: implications for the reionisation era
• Euclid preparation. Optical emission-line predictions of intermediate-z galaxy populations in GAEA for the Euclid Deep and Wide Surveys
• MARTA: Temperature-temperature relationships and strong-line metallicity calibrations from multiple auroral-line detections at cosmic noon
• The JWST/AURORA Survey: Multiple Balmer and Paschen Emission Lines for Individual Star-forming Galaxies at z=1.5-4.4. I. A Diversity of Nebular Attenuation Curves and Evidence for Non-Unity Dust Covering Fractions
• A massive quiescent galaxy confirmed in a protocluster at z=3.09
• MAMMOTH-MOSFIRE: Environmental Effects on Galaxy Interstellar Medium at $z\sim 2$
• pop-cosmos: Insights from generative modeling of a deep, infrared-selected galaxy population
• Active Galactic Nuclei in the Green Valley at z$\sim$0.7
• Cloudy-Maraston: Integrating nebular continuum and line emission with the Maraston stellar population synthesis models
• The nebular properties of star-forming galaxies at intermediate redshift from the Large Early Galaxy Astrophysics Census
• Disentangling the physical origin of emission line ratio offsets at high redshift with spatially resolved spectroscopy
• KBSS-InCLOSE I: Design and First Results from the Inner CGM of QSO Line Of Sight Emitting Galaxies at z~2-3
• Detection of extended millimeter emission in the host galaxy of 3C273 and its implications for QSO feedback via high dynamic range ALMA imaging
• The Neon Gap: Probing Ionization with Dwarf Galaxies at z~1
• Evolution of cold streams in hot gaseous halos
• Dark from light (DfL): Inferring halo properties from luminous tracers with machine learning trained on cosmological simulations. I. Method, proof of concept & preliminary testing
• SDSS J1059+4251, a highly magnified z ~ 2.8 star-forming galaxy: ESI observations of the rest-frame UV spectrum
• From VIPERS to SDSS: Unveiling galaxy spectra evolution over 9 Gyr through unsupervised machine-learning
• CECILIA: Ultra-Deep Rest-Optical Spectra of Faint Galaxies at Cosmic Noon
• Through the fog: a complementary optical galaxy classification scheme for 'intermediate' redshifts
• Euclid Preparation: XIV. The Complete Calibration of the Color-Redshift Relation (C3R2) Survey: Data Release 3
• ADF22+: a declining faint end in the far-infrared luminosity function in the SSA22 protocluster at z=3.09
• MARTA: The connection between chemical enrichment, feedback, and dust in a Wolf-Rayet galaxy at z$\sim$2
• REBELS-IFU: Spatially Resolved Ionizing Photon Production Efficiencies of 12 Bright Galaxies in the Epoch of Reionization
• The Physical Properties of Star-Forming Galaxies with Strong [O III] Lines at z=3.25
• First IFU observations of two GRB host galaxies at cosmic noon with JWST/NIRSpec
• Compact [OIII] emission-line regions ("Green Seeds") in $\mathrm{H}\alpha$ emitters at Cosmic Noon from JWST Observations
• First joint absorption and T${}_e$-based metallicity measured in a GRB host galaxy at $z=4.28$ using JWST/NIRSpec
• An Atlas of Star-Forming Galaxy Equivalent Widths
• Nitrogen abundances in star-forming galaxies 2.2 Gyr after the Big Bang are not elevated
• Predicting Resolved Dust Attenuation from Local Galaxy Properties Using MaNGA
• The stellar population of a $z\sim 3.25$ Ly$\alpha$ emitting group associated with a damped Ly$\alpha$ absorber
• A model for the emission line galaxy luminosity function and flux ratios at high-redshifts
• KURVS: chemical properties from multiple strong line calibrations for star-forming galaxies at $z\sim 1.5$