The Effect of Turbulence on Nebular Emission Line Ratios

Abstract

Motivated by the observed differences in the nebular emission of nearby and high-redshift galaxies, we carry out a set of direct numerical simulations of turbulent astrophysical media exposed to a UV background. The simulations assume a metallicity of $Z/Z_{\odot }$=0.5 and explicitly track ionization, recombination, charge transfer, and ion-by-ion radiative cooling for several astrophysically important elements. Each model is run to a global steady state that depends on the ionization parameter $U$, and the one-dimensional turbulent velocity dispersion, ${\sigma }_{1D}$, and the turbulent driving scale. We carry out a suite of models with a T=42,000K blackbody spectrum, $n_e$ = 100 cm${}^{-3}$ and ${\sigma }_{1D}$ ranging between 0.7 to 42 km s${}^{-1},$ corresponding to turbulent Mach numbers varying between 0.05 and 2.6. We report our results as several nebular diagnostic diagrams and compare them to observations of star-forming galaxies at a redshift of $z\approx$2.5, whose higher surface densities may also lead to more turbulent interstellar media. We find that subsonic, transsonic turbulence, and turbulence driven on scales of 1 parsec or greater, have little or no effect on the line ratios. Supersonic, small-scale turbulence, on the other hand, generally increases the computed line emission. In fact with a driving scale $\approx 0.1$ pc, a moderate amount of turbulence, ${\sigma }_{1D}$=21-28 km s${}^{-1},$ can reproduce many of the differences between high and low redshift observations without resorting to harder spectral shapes.

18 pages, 9 figures, accepted to ApJ, comments welcome

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• Non-equilibrium Ionization States Within Galactic Outflows: Explaining Their O VI and N V Column Densities
• The effects of local stellar radiation and dust depletion on non-equilibrium interstellar chemistry
• Modeling Photoionized Turbulent Material in the Circumgalactic Medium II: Effect of Turbulence within a Stratified Medium
• Interpreting Observations of Absorption Lines in the Circumgalactic Medium with a Turbulent Medium
• Modeling Photoionized Turbulent Material in the Circumgalactic Medium III: Effects of Co-rotation and Magnetic Fields
• Addressing the [O III]/H\b{eta} Offset of Dwarf Galaxies in the RESOLVE Survey
• Disentangling the physical origin of emission line ratio offsets at high redshift with spatially resolved spectroscopy