The Mass-Metallicity Relation with the Direct Method on Stacked Spectra of SDSS Galaxies

Abstract

The relation between galaxy stellar mass and gas-phase metallicity is a sensitive diagnostic of the main processes that drive galaxy evolution, namely cosmological gas inflow, metal production in stars, and gas outflow via galactic winds. We employed the direct method to measure the metallicities of ~200,000 star-forming galaxies from the SDSS that were stacked in bins of (1) stellar mass and (2) both stellar mass and star formation rate (SFR) to significantly enhance the signal-to-noise ratio of the weak [O III] 4363 and [O II] 7320, 7330 auroral lines required to apply the direct method. These metallicity measurements span three decades in stellar mass from log(Mstar/Msun) = 7.4-10.5, which allows the direct method mass-metallicity relation to simultaneously capture the high-mass turnover and extend a full decade lower in mass than previous studies that employed more uncertain strong line methods. The direct method mass-metallicity relation rises steeply at low mass (O/H ~ Mstar^{1/2}) until it turns over at log(Mstar/Msun) = 8.9 and asymptotes to 12 + log(O/H) = 8.8 at high mass. The direct method mass-metallicity relation has a steeper slope, a lower turnover mass, and a factor of two to three greater dependence on SFR than strong line mass-metallicity relations. Furthermore, the SFR-dependence appears monotonic with stellar mass, unlike strong line mass-metallicity relations. We also measure the N/O abundance ratio, an important tracer of star formation history, and find the clear signature of primary and secondary nitrogen enrichment. N/O correlates tightly with oxygen abundance, and even more so with stellar mass.

24 pages, 16 figures (13 in color), 6 tables, emulateapj. Accepted to ApJ. Minor changes made to v1. For a brief video explaining the key result of this paper, see http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PnMJAiVq2lc&list=PL151C58BBFB53B1EA&index=1&feature=plcp

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• Planetary nebulae: the universal mass-metallicity relation for Local Group dwarf galaxies and the chemistry of NGC 205
• Early results from GLASS-JWST. XXVII. The mass-metallicity relation in lensed field galaxies at cosmic noon with NIRISS
• Mass-Metallicity Relation for Local Analogs of High-Redshift galaxies: Implications for the Evolution of the Mass-Metallicity Relations
• The mass-metallicity relation as a ruler for galaxy evolution: insights from the James Webb Space Telescope
• Correlation between SFR surface density and thermal pressure of ionized gas in local analogs of high-redshift galaxies
• LLAMA: Stellar populations in the nuclei of ultra hard X-ray selected AGN and matched inactive galaxies
• The 50-100pc scale parent stellar populations of type II supernovae and limitations of single star evolution models
• A very dark stellar system lost in Virgo: kinematics and metallicity of SECCO1 with MUSE
• A Framework for Empirical Galaxy Phenomenology: The Scatter in Galaxy Ages and Stellar Metallicities
• A Comparison of Stellar and Gas-Phase Chemical Abundances in Dusty Early-Type Galaxies
• Metal enrichment in a semi-analytical model, fundamental scaling relations, and the case of Milky Way galaxies
• Ionized gas properties of the extreme starburst galaxy Haro 11. Temperature and metal abundance discrepancies
• G.A.S. II: Dust extinction in galaxies; Luminosity functions and InfraRed eXcess
• Metallicity calibrations based on auroral lines from PHANGS-MUSE data
• How well do local relations predict gas-phase metallicity gradients? Results from SDSS-IV MaNGA
• Characterizing the Circumgalactic Medium of the Lowest-Mass Galaxies: A Case Study of IC 1613
• The mass--metallicity relation AKARI-FMOS infrared galaxies at $z\sim 0.88$ in the AKARI North Ecliptic Pole Deep Survey Field
• Measuring chemical abundances in AGN from infrared nebular lines: HII-CHI-Mistry-IR for AGN
• Gas Accretion and Galactic Chemical Evolution: Theory and Observations
• Spatially resolved mass-metallicity relation at z~0.26 from the MUSE-Wide Survey
• HI gas content of SDSS galaxies revealed by ALFALFA: implications for the mass-metallicity relation and the environmental dependence of HI in the local Universe
• SPICA and the Chemical Evolution of Galaxies: The Rise of Metals and Dust
• Hybrid analytic and machine-learned baryonic property insertion into galactic dark matter haloes
• The major mechanism to drive turbulence in star-forming galaxies
• Using Colors to Improve Photometric Metallicity Estimates for Galaxies
• The effects of local stellar radiation and dust depletion on non-equilibrium interstellar chemistry
• Gas and stellar kinematic misalignment in MaNGA galaxies: what is the origin of counter-rotating gas?
• Metallicities of Young Massive Clusters in NGC 5236 (M83)
• A geostatistical analysis of multiscale metallicity variations in galaxies [II]: Predicting the metallicities of Hii and diffuse ionised gas regions via universal kriging
• Direct-method metallicity gradients derived from spectral stacking with SDSS-IV MaNGA
• Evolution of the Mass-Metallicity relations in passive and star-forming galaxies from SPH-cosmological simulations
• The mass-metallicity and fundamental metallicity relations in non-AGN and AGN-host galaxies
• The resolved chemical abundance properties within the interstellar medium of star-forming galaxies at $\text{z}\approx 1.5$
• Star-Forming S0 Galaxies in SDSS-IV MaNGA Survey
• Spatially Resolved Gas-phase Metallicity in FIRE-2 Dwarfs: Late-Time Evolution of Metallicity Relations in Simulations with Feedback and Mergers
• Semi-analytic spectral fitting: simultaneously modelling the mass accumulation and chemical evolution in MaNGA spiral galaxies
• Gas Accretion and Star Formation Rates
• AGC 226178 and NGVS 3543: Two deceptive dwarfs towards Virgo
• EMPRESS. XI. SDSS and JWST Search for Local and z~4-5 Extremely Metal-Poor Galaxies (EMPGs): Clustering and Chemical Properties of Local EMPGs
• MusE GAs FLOw and Wind (MEGAFLOW) IX. The impact of gas flows on the relations between the mass, star formation rate and metallicity of galaxies
• HETDEX [OIII] Emitters I: A spectroscopically selected low-redshift population of low-mass, low-metallicity galaxies
• A sample of metal-poor galaxies identified from the LAMOST spectral survey
• Metallicity calibrations of low star-forming galaxies: the influence of a stochastic IMF
• The fundamental metallicity relation from SDSS (z~0) to VIPERS (z~0.7) Data selection or evolution
• Determining the large-scale environmental dependence of gas-phase metallicity in dwarf galaxies
• Conversions between gas-phase metallicities in MaNGA
• The Local Star Formation Rate Surface Density And Metallicity Relation For Star-forming Galaxies
• Metal Abundances of KISS Galaxies. V. Nebular Abundances of Fifteen Intermediate Luminosity Star-Forming Galaxies
• New calibrations for estimating the N/O ratio in HII regions
• The Disturbed and Globular Cluster-Rich Ultra-diffuse Galaxy UGC 9050-Dw1
• A novel approach to investigate chemical inhomogeneities in GRB host galaxies: The $Z_{\mathrm{abs}}-Z_{\mathrm{emiss}}$ relation
• Exploring the Correlation between $\mathrm{H}\alpha$-to-UV Ratio and Burstiness for Typical Star-forming Galaxies at $z\sim 2$
• AGN feedback can produce metal enrichment on galaxy scales
• Influence of the Void Environment on Chemical Abundances in Dwarf Galaxies and Implications for Connecting Star Formation and Halo Mass
• The Jiao Tong University Spectroscopic Telescope Project
• Radial stellar populations of AGN-host dwarf galaxies in SDSS-IV MaNGA survey
• Constraints on galactic outflows from the metallicity-stellar mass-SFR relation of EAGLE simulation and SDSS galaxies
• The more accurately the metal-dependent star formation rate is modeled, the larger the predicted excess of binary black hole mergers
• Hα Dots: Direct-Method Metal Abundances of Low-Luminosity Star-Forming Systems
• Large-scale environmental dependence of the abundance ratio of nitrogen to oxygen in blue, star-forming galaxies fainter than L*
• Using KCWI to Explore the Chemical Inhomogeneities and Evolution of J1044+0353
• Chemical abundances and deviations from the solar S/O ratio in the gas-phase ISM of galaxies based on infrared emission lines
• The Contribution Of Outer HI Disks To The Merging Binary Black Hole Population
• The Slow Flow Model of Dust Efflux in Local Star-Forming Galaxies
• LBT/ARGOS adaptive optics observations of z$\sim 2$ lensed galaxies
• The Direct-Method Oxygen Abundance of Typical Dwarf Galaxies at Cosmic High-Noon
• Direct Method Gas Phase Oxygen Abundances of 4 Lyman Break Analogs
• Strong [O III] λ5007 Compact Galaxies Identified from SDSS DR16 and Their Scaling Relations
• Extreme [OIII] Emitters at z $\sim$ 0.5
• The Metallicity measurement of Early-type Galaxies
• The Next Generation Virgo Cluster Survey. XXXIII. Stellar Population Gradients in the Virgo Cluster Core Globular Cluster System
• Insights on Metal Enrichment and Environmental Effect at $z\approx 5-7$ with JWST ASPIRE/EIGER and Chemical Evolution Model
• Reconciling the Results of the z~2 MOSDEF and KBSS-MOSFIRE Surveys
• Emission Line Metallicities From The Faint Infrared Grism Survey and VLT/MUSE
• The MAGPI survey: The interdependence of the mass, star formation rate, and metallicity in galaxies at z~0.3
• The metal-poor dwarf irregular galaxy candidate next to Mrk 1172
• Emission Line Predictions for Mock Galaxy Catalogues: a New Differentiable and Empirical Mapping from DESI
• Spatially-resolved properties of the ionized gas in the HII galaxy J084220+115000
• Ionized gas metallicity of the strong [OIII]λ emission-line compact galaxies in the LAMOST survey
• The JWST EXCELS Survey: gas-phase metallicity evolution at 2 < z < 8
• The evolution and dependence of the local mass-metallicity relation
• HETDEX Pilot Survey. VI. [OIII] Emitters and Expectations for a Local Sample of Star Forming Galaxies in HETDEX
• The MOSDEF Survey: Towards a Complete Census of the z ~ 2.3 Star-forming Galaxy Population
• The impact of environment on the lives of disk galaxies as revealed by SDSS-IV MaNGA
• MARTA: Temperature-temperature relationships and strong-line metallicity calibrations from multiple auroral-line detections at cosmic noon
• Revisiting the Local Star-Forming Galaxies Observed in the HETDEX Pilot Survey
• SDSS-IV MaNGA: Ionization sources of diffuse extra-planar galactic medium
• A headless tadpole galaxy: the high gas-phase metallicity of the ultra-diffuse galaxy UGC 2162
• Rapid, out of equilibrium metal enrichment indicated by a flat mass-metallicity relation at z~6 from NIRCam grism spectroscopy
• The Neon Gap: Probing Ionization with Dwarf Galaxies at z~1
• A Morphological Study on AGN-host Dwarf Galaxies
• What do planetary nebulae and H II regions reveal about the chemical evolution of nearby dwarf galaxies?
• Analogs of primeval galaxies two billion years after the Big Bang
• Emission Line Diagnostics for IMBHs in Dwarf Galaxies: Accounting for BH Seeding and ULX Excitation
• Extreme Emission-Line Galaxies in the MUSE Hubble Ultra Deep Field Survey
• Relations of stellar mass between electron temperature-based metallicity of star-forming galaxies in a wide mass range
• The MOSDEF Survey: Probing Resolved Stellar Populations at $z\sim 2$ Using a New Bayesian-defined Morphology Metric Called Patchiness
• The Stellar Population of Metal-Poor Galaxies at z $\approx$ 0.8 and the Evolution of the Mass-Metallicity Relation
• Absorption line abundances in the SMC-like galaxy UGC 5282: evidence for ISM dilution from inflows on kiloparsec scales
• Fundamental relation in isolated galaxies, pairs, and triplets in the local universe
• A new insight of AGC198691 (Leoncino) galaxy with MEGARA at the GTC
• CECILIA: Ultra-Deep Rest-Optical Spectra of Faint Galaxies at Cosmic Noon
• The ionization structure and chemical history in isolated H II regions of dwarf galaxies with IFU I. The Sagittarius Dwarf Irregular Galaxy
• Prospects for extending the Mass-Metallicity Relation to low mass at high redshift: a case study at z~1
• MUSE crowded field 3D spectroscopy in NGC 300 II. Quantitative spectroscopy of BA-type supergiants
• Constraining galactic baryon cycle using the galaxy stellar-to-halo mass relations
• Scaling relations and baryonic cycling in local star-forming galaxies: I. The sample
• A phenomenological approach to the evolution of galaxies
• The metallicity dependence of long-duration gamma-ray bursts
• Recovering the properties of the interstellar medium through integrated spectroscopy: application to the z~0 ECO volume-limited star-forming galaxy sample
• GLACE survey: OSIRIS/GTC tuneable imaging of the galaxy cluster ZwCl 0024.0+1652 II. The mass--metallicity relationship and the effect of the environment
• Chemical enrichment in LINERs from MaNGA. I. Tracing Oxygen and Nitrogen Nuclear Abundances in LINERs with Varied Ionizing Sources
• Past, present and Future of the Scaling Relations of Galaxies and Active Galactic Nuclei
• A Fundamental Plane in X-ray Binary Activity of External Galaxies
• Young, blue, and isolated stellar systems in the Virgo Cluster. II. A new class of stellar system
• KURVS: chemical properties from multiple strong line calibrations for star-forming galaxies at $z\sim 1.5$
• Out of oxygen: Extremely metal-poor galaxy candidates identified at $2.5<z<6.5$ with deep JADES medium-band imaging
• The ionization structure and chemical history in isolated H ii regions of dwarf galaxies with VIMOS/IFU II. The Leo A galaxy
• A model for the emission line galaxy luminosity function and flux ratios at high-redshifts
• Extragalactic Supergiants
• CROCODILE-DWARF: Assembly and Kinematics of Field Dwarf Galaxies with GADGET4-OSAKA
• SDSS-IV MaNGA: Exploring the local scaling relations for N/O
• Physical Drivers of Emission Line Diversity of SDSS Seyfert 2s and LINERs After Removal of Contributions by Star Formation
• SDSS-IV MaNGA: Data-Model Discrepancy in Temperature-sensitive Line Ratios for Star-forming Galaxies
• NGC 147 Corroborates the Break in the Stellar Mass-Stellar Metallicity Relation for Galaxies
• The extension of the Fundamental Metallicity Relation beyond the BPT star-forming sequence: evidence for both gas accretion and starvation
• Optimal strategies for measuring gas-phase metallicities in intermediate-redshift non-AGN and AGN-host galaxies using future instrumentation
• Clumpy Starburst in a Local Dwarf Galaxy, NGC 1522